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【多选题】
我们过去对什么是社会主义的问题之所以没有完全搞清楚,一个重要的原因就是___
A. 离开了阶级斗争谈社会主义
B. 离开了思想道德建设谈社会主义
C. 离开了生产力水平谈社会主义
D. 离开了生产关系变革谈社会主义
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【多选题】
邓小平说:“一个党,一个国家,一个民族,如果一切从本本出发,思想僵化,迷信盛行,那它就不能前进,它的生机就停止了,就要亡党亡国。”这段话阐述了___。
A. 破除封建迷信的重要性
B. 改革开放的重要性
C. 解放思想的重要性
D. 反对教条主义
【多选题】
以下哪个判断是错误的,我们的改革___
A. 是从城市开始的
B. 是社会主义制度的自我完善和发展
C. 是全面改革
D. 是党领导下的改革
【多选题】
1984年10月,中共十二届三中全会通过《中共中央关于经济体制改革的决定》指出,十一届三中全会以来,___作为长期的基本国策,在实践中已经取得显著成效
A. 对外开放
B. 水土保持
C. 经济体制改革
D. 计划生育
【多选题】
“三个有利于”标准具有内在的联系性,其中最根本的一个标准是___
A. 提高人民生活水平
B. 提高社会主义国家的综合国力
C. 完善社会主义制度
D. 发展社会主义社会生产力
【多选题】
我国经济体制改革的目标是 ___
A. 增强大中型国有企业活力
B. 完善宏观调控体系
C. 改革旧的价格管理体制
D. 建立社会主义市场经济体制
【多选题】
著名作家苏童的作品《白雪猪头》有这段描写:“我母亲凌晨就提着篮子去肉铺排队,可是她买不到猪头肉。人们明明看见肉联厂的小货车运来了八只猪头,……可是等肉铺的门打开了,我母亲却看见柜台上只放着四个小号的猪头,另外四只大的不见了。这里的故事最可能发生在___
A. 20世纪80年代
B. 20世纪90年代
C. 20世纪70年代
D. 21世纪
【多选题】
建立社会主义市场经济体制,主要是要使市场___
A. 调节整个社会的生产和流通
B. 在国家宏观调控下对资源配置起决定性作用
C. 在流通领域不受任何限制地发挥作用
D. 自发地调节社会经济总量的平衡
【多选题】
社会主义市场经济体制的基础是 ___
A. 以公有制为主体的现代企业制度
B. 计划与市场相结合的调节机制
C. 统一、开放、竞争、有序的市场体系
【多选题】
我国国有企业可以采取股份制形式,因为股份制___
A. 体现了社会主义本质
B. 是社会主义公有制实现形式的必然要求
C. 是适合社会化大生产的一种企业组织形式
D. 是实现职工当家作主的一种有效形式
【多选题】
邓小平明确提出社会主义本质的论断是在___
A. 党的十三大
B. 1992年南方讲话
C. 党的十一届三中全会上
D. 党的十四大
【多选题】
把党和国家的工作重点由以阶级斗争为纲转移到经济建设上来,是党的___
A. 十一大
B. 1978年中央工作会议
C. 十一届三中全会
D. 十一届六中全会
【多选题】
邓小平关于“发展才是硬道理”的思想具有丰富的内涵。下列选项中属于这一思想的有___。
A. 中国发展得越强大,世界和平越靠得住
B. 最终说服不相信社会主义的人要靠我们的发展
C. 中国解决所有问题的关键是要靠自己的发展
D. 要善于把握时机来解决我们的发展问题,经济发展要力争隔几年上一个台阶E.只有坚持治理整顿,才能有发展
【多选题】
以下哪些属于我国实现的总体小康的特点?___
A. 低水平
B. 不全面
C. 人民生活比较富裕
D. 发展不平衡
E. 基本实现了现代化
【多选题】
邓小平关于社会主义本质的科学概括的显著特点是___
A. 突出四项基本原则的主导地位
B. 在目标的层次上界定社会主义的本质
C. 突出生产力的基础地位
D. 突出社会主义的价值目标
E. 在动态中描述社会主义的本质
【多选题】
1979年3月30日在《坚持四项基本原则》的讲话中,邓小平第一次提出了“中国式的现代化”的概念,___
A. 它是对我国旧发展战略的反思
B. 它的原意就是必须走中国特色社会主义的现代化道路
C. 它是指和西方发达国家相比把现代化标准放低一点
D. 即后来邓小平所说的"小康之家"
E. 这是对我国原定在2000年实现"四个现代化"目标的修改
【多选题】
在我们党的历史上曾经五次提出党的总路线或基本路线,其中属于正确的部分是___
A. 新民主主义革命时期的总路线
B. 从新民主主义到社会主义过渡时期的总路线
C. 社会主义建设总路线:鼓足干劲、力争上游、多快好省地建设社会主义
D. 党在整个社会主义历史阶段的基本路线
E. 党在社会主义初级阶段的基本路线
【多选题】
回顾我国经济体制改革的进程,社会主义经济理论有哪两大突破___
A. 十二届三中全会提出的社会主义有计划商品经济理论,突破了社会主义同商品经济不相容的传统观念
B. 十四大提出的社会主义市场经济体制,突破了把计划和市场看作是区分社会主义和资本主义的传统观念
C. 十三大提出 ,社会主义有计划商品经济体制应是计划和市场内在统一的体制
D. 十二大提出,要正确贯彻计划经济为主,市场调节为辅的原则
E. 十四届三中全会确立了建立社会主义市场经济体制的框架
【多选题】
非公有制经济包括___
A. 个体经济
B. 私营经济
C. 外资经济
D. 混合经济中的非公有成分
E. 股份经济
【多选题】
公有制经济包括___
A. 国有经济
B. 集体经济
C. 混合所有制经济中的国有成分和集体成分
D. 中外合资企业
E. 中外合作企业
【多选题】
下列选项中,哪些是市场机制的优势和长处___
A. 灵活有效地配置资源,使产需及时协调
B. 体现收入分配的公平性,防止社会两极分化
C. 实行优胜劣汰,促进技术和管理的进步
D. 给企业以动力和压力,提高效率和效益
E. 有利于打破条块分割
【多选题】
我国现阶段的私营经济是___
A. 生产资料私人所有
B. 以雇佣劳动为基础
C. 以获取利润为生产经营目的
D. 社会主义经济的重要组成部分
E. 有利于我国社会主义生产力的发展
【多选题】
市场机制的局限性主要表现在___
A. 不能合理配置资源,提高效率
B. 易引起贫富差距扩大等现象
C. 难以有效提供公共产品
D. 难以保持经济总量平衡,实现经济的稳
E. 可能造成经济失衡和周期波动
【多选题】
从我国社会主义建设的历史经验来看,过去对什么是社会主义的问题认识不清楚,因此产生了一些错误的思想观念,这些错误的思想观念包括___
A. 离开生产水平抽象地谈论社会主义
B. 以阶级斗争为纲取代了发展生产力
C. 以为只要不断改变生产关系,提高公有化程度,就能推动生产力发展
D. 没有认识到社会主义条件下还有解放生产力的问题
E. 没有认识到在经济领域开展反对资产阶级自由化的重要性
【多选题】
市场机制包括___
A. 价格机制
B. 供求机制
C. 竞争机制
D. 约束机制
E. 汇率机制
【多选题】
中国改革的基本经验有___
A. 坚持改革的社会主义方向
B. 体制问题上不搞姓“社”和姓“资”的争论
C. 以社会改革为重点与其他改革全面展开
D. 大胆地推进突进式改革
E. 以农村改革为突破口,摸着石头过河
【多选题】
我国实行对外开放、发展对外经济关系的内容和基本形式有___
A. 扩大对外贸易
B. 开展对外技术交流,引进先进技术
C. 加强国际资金往来,积极利用外资
D. 发展国际劳务合作,对外承包工程
E. 发展国际旅游业
【多选题】
实行改革开放是___
A. 社会主义中国的强国之路
B. 社会主义国家的一贯政策
C. 社会主义优越性的表现
D. 新时期中国最鲜明的特征
E. 决定当代中国命运的历史性决策
【多选题】
在改革开放的过程中,邓小平提出了一系列“两手抓”的方针,包括___
A. 一手抓经济建设,一手抓民主法制
B. 一手抓改革开放,一手抓惩治腐败
C. 一手抓物质文明,一手抓精神文明
D. 一手抓工业发展,一手抓农业发展
E. 一手抓四项基本原则,一手抓精神文明
【多选题】
改革是社会主义社会发展的直接动力,依据的是对社会主义社会基本矛盾运动的正确认识,这些认识包括 ___
A. 社会基本矛盾运动是一切人类社会发展的基本动力
B. 社会主义社会的基本矛盾仍然是生产力与生产关系、经济基础与上层建筑的矛盾
C. 社会主义社会基本矛盾是非对立性的,可以通过社会主义自身力量解决
D. 通过改革不断解决社会主义社会的基本矛盾,推动社会主义发展
E. 通过改革可以提高人民生活水平
【多选题】
我国吸收和利用外资的形式主要有___
A. 外国公司的直接投资
B. 外国政府和银行的贷款
C. 国际金融组织贷款
D. 在国外发行债券
E. 在国外股票市场上市
【多选题】
中国选择高度集中的计划经济体制的条件是___
A. 建国时面临生产力水平十分低下的国情
B. 苏联在计划经济体制下社会主义建设取得世人瞩目的直接影响
C. 社会经济发展程度相对单纯,计划经济体制比较顺利地运行
D. 理论上普遍把计划经济看作是社会主义区别于资本主义的重要特征
E. 中国共产党的首创
【多选题】
“股份制是现代企业的一种资本组织形式,不能笼统地说股份制是公有还是私有”。这一观点表明___
A. 由法人股东而不是个人股东构成的股份制是公有制
B. 公有制与私有制都可以通过股份制这一形式来实现
C. 有公有制经济参股的就是公有制
D. 股份制本身不具有公有还是私有的性质
E. 公有制经济占控股地位就具有明显的公有性
【多选题】
在计划经济体制下,国企的特征有如下几点___
A. 企业进行创新活动的动力严重不足
B. 企业提供产品和服务的目的是追求利润
C. 企业只是政府的一个生产部门
D. 企业拥有经营自主权
E. 企业进行独立核算,自负盈亏
【多选题】
我国改革开放后首先成立的经济特区有___等
A. 广州
B. 珠海
C. 厦门
D. 汕头
E. 深圳
【多选题】
2006年,国务院国资委首次明确七大行业将由国有经济控制,其中包括___
A. 军工业
B. 电力行业
C. 电信业
D. 房地产业
E. 食品行业
【多选题】
在社会主义初级阶段,承认和允许人们在收入方面存在差别,并且在一定时期内收入差距的扩大,有其客观必然性。主要是因为___
A. 劳动者个人禀赋和家庭负担不同,实行按劳分配原则,会出现收入的差别
B. 实行多种所有制经济和多种分配方式会导致富裕程度的差别
C. 发展社会主义市场经济,在价值规律和竞争的作用下优胜劣汰会产生富裕程度的差别
D. 城乡之间、地区之间、脑力劳动与体力劳动之间存在差别
E. 共同富裕是社会主义的原则和目标
【多选题】
构成现代市场体系的要素市场主要是___
A. 消费品市场
B. 资本市场
C. 劳动力和人才市场
D. 技术和信息市场
E. 土地市场
【多选题】
合理且适度的收入差距是贯彻党和国家尊重劳动、尊重知识、尊重人才、尊重创造等重大方针的必然要求。它有利于___
A. 克服平均主义,更好地发挥收入分配的刺激作用
B. 充分发挥价值规律的作用
C. 鼓励知识创新和科技创新,充分调动广大科技人员创新的积极性
D. 发挥公有制的主体作用
E. 社会的稳定和谐
【多选题】
毫不动摇地巩固和发展公有制经济___
A. 是坚持和完善社会主义初级阶段基本经济制度必须遵循的基本原则
B. 有利于推进我国社会主义现代化建设
C. 有利于壮大国家进行宏观调控的主要物质基础
D. 因为公有制是社会主义经济制度的根本体现
E. 对于发挥社会主义制度的优越性具有关键性作用
【多选题】
计划经济体制的弊端集中体现在___
A. 政企职责不分,条块分割
B. 所有者缺位、约束机制失灵
C. 忽视价值规律和市场的作用
D. 分配中平均主义严重,劳动者积极性低
E. 价格对经济运行没有指示性,市场资源得不到合理配置
推荐试题
【单选题】
事物的联系和运动之间的关系___
A. 相互联系构成运动
B. 运动和发展引起质变
C. 发展引起运动
D. 普遍联系和永恒发展
【单选题】
唯物辩证法的总特征是___
A. 量变和质变的观点
B. 辩证否定的观点
C. 联系和发展的观点
D. 对立统一的观点
【单选题】
___
A. 事物的联系是普遍的、无条件的
B. 事物的联系是现实的、具体的
C. 事物的运动是客观的、绝对的
D. 事物发展的根本原因是事物的内部矛盾
【单选题】
“割下来的手就不再是人手”这句话体现了___
A. 形而上学片面的、孤立的观点
B. 辩证法普遍联系的观点
C. 唯心主义的观点
D. 诡辩论的观点
【单选题】
唯物辩证法认为发展的实质是___
A. 事物数量的增加
B. 事物根本性质的变化
C. 事物的一切运动变化
D. 新事物的产生和旧事物的灭亡
【单选题】
区分新事物和旧事物的标志在于看它们___
A. 是不是在新的历史条件下出现的
B. 是不是符合事物发展规律、有强大生命力
C. 是不是具有新形式和新特点
D. 是不是得到绝大多数人的承认
【单选题】
质量互变规律揭示了___
A. 事物发展的动力和源泉
B. 事物发展的状态和过程
C. 事物发展的方向和道路
D. 事物发展的两种趋势
【单选题】
质和事物的存在是___
A. 相互对立的
B. 相互包含的
C. 直接同一的
D. 相互转化的
【单选题】
在实际工作中,要注意掌握分寸,防止“过”或“不及”,其关键在于___
A. 抓住事物的主要矛盾
B. 确定事物的质
C. 认识事物的量
D. 把握事物的度
【单选题】
区分量变和质变的根本标志是看___
A. 事物的变化是否显著
B. 事物的变化是否迅速
C. 事物的某些属性是否发生了变化
D. 事物的变化是否超出度的范围
【单选题】
量变的复杂性是指___
A. 量变的程度发展不同
B. 量变形式的多样性和总的量变过程中有部分质变
C. 质变中有量的扩张
D. 量变有在度的范围内的变化和突破度的范围的变化
【单选题】
量变中的阶段性部分质变表现了___
A. 事物内部各部分之间变化的不平衡性
B. 事物整体与某些构成部分之间变化的不平衡性
C. 事物与事物之间变化的不平衡性
D. 事物的本质属性与非本质属性之间变化的不平衡性
【单选题】
量变中的局部性部分质变是___
A. 事物的本质属性与非本质属性之间变化不平衡性的表现
B. 事物的各个部分之间变化不平衡性的表现
C. 事物的内部矛盾和外部条件变化不平衡性的表现
D. 事物的量和质变化不平衡性的表现
【单选题】
揭示事物发展的趋势和道路的规律是___
A. 对立统一规律
B. 质量互变规律
C. 否定之否定规律
D. 联系和发展规律
【单选题】
“肯定和否定相互渗透,在一定意义上,肯定就是否定。”这是一种___
A. 相对主义诡辩论的观点
B. 唯物辩证法的观点
C. 主观唯心主义的观点
D. 形而上学的观点
【单选题】
事物的否定方面是指___
A. 事物的积极方面
B. 事物的消极方面
C. 事物中维持其存在的方面
D. 事物中促使其灭亡的方面
【单选题】
作为辩证的否定的“扬弃”是___
A. 既保留又继承
B. 彻底抛弃
C. 既克服又保留
D. 矛盾的调和
【单选题】
辩证的否定是事物发展的环节,因为辩证的否定___
A. 把旧事物完全抛弃
B. 使旧事物发生量变
C. 是新事物产生、旧事物灭亡
D. 是从外部强加给事物的
【单选题】
否定之否定规律___
A. 在事物完成一个发展周期时才能完整地表现出来
B. 在事物发展过程中任何一点上都可以表现出来
C. 在事物经过量变和质变两种状态后表现出来
D. 在事物发展过程中经过肯定和否定两个阶段表现出来
【单选题】
事物发展的周期性体现了___
A. 事物发展的直线性与曲折性的统一
B. 事物发展是一个不断地回到出发点的运动
C. 事物发展的周而复始的循环性
D. 事物发展的前进性和曲折性的统一
【单选题】
直线论的错误在于只看到___
A. 事物发展的周期性而否认了前进性
B. 事物发展的前进性而否认了曲折性
C. 事物发展的间接性而否认了连续性
D. 事物发展的曲折性而否认了周期性
【单选题】
循环论的错误在于___
A. 只看到事物发展的普遍性,没有看到事物发展过程的特殊性
B. 只看到事物的绝对运动,没有看到事物的相对静止
C. 只看到事物发展道路的曲折性,没有看到事物发展趋势的前进性
D. 只看到新旧事物之间的连续性,没有看到新旧事物之间的间断性
【单选题】
对立统一规律揭示了___
A. 事物发展的动力和源泉
B. 事物发展的状态和过程
C. 事物发展的方向和道路
D. 事物发展的两种趋向
【单选题】
唯物辩证法的实质和核心是___
A. 对立统一规律
B. 质量互变规律
C. 否定之否定规律
D. 联系和发展的规律
【单选题】
辩证法所说的矛盾是指___
A. 人们思维中的前后不一的自相矛盾
B. 事物之间或事物内部各要素之间的对立统一
C. 对立面之间的相互排斥
D. 事物之间或事物内部各要素之间的相互依赖
【单选题】
矛盾的基本属性是___
A. 普遍性和特殊性
B. 绝对性和相对性
C. 变动性和稳定性
D. 斗争性和同一性
【单选题】
依据是___
A. 矛盾的同一性和斗争性辩证关系的原理
B. 矛盾的普遍性和特殊性辩证关系的原理
C. 事物发展的量变和质变辩证关系的原理
D. 事物发展的内因和外因辩证关系的原理
【单选题】
矛盾问题的精髓是___
A. 矛盾的普遍性和特殊性关系的问题
B. 矛盾的同一性和斗争性关系的问题
C. 主要矛盾和次要矛盾关系的问题
D. 矛盾的主要方面和次要方面关系的问题
【单选题】
题的方法都是___
A. 重点论
B. 均衡论
C. 一点论
D. 两点论
【单选题】
“任何个别(无论怎样)都是一般”。这句话的正确含义是___
A. 特殊性就是普遍性
B. 特殊性存在于普遍性之中
C. 普遍性是特殊性的总和
D. 特殊性中包含普遍性
【单选题】
在唯物辩证法看来,水果同苹果、梨、香蕉、桔子等的关系是___
A. 共性和个性的关系
B. 整体和部分的关系
C. 本质和现象的关系
D. 内容和形式的关系
【单选题】
“是就是是,不是就是不是,除此之外都是鬼话。”这是一种___
A. 形而上学的观点
B. 相对主义的观点
C. 唯心主义的观点
D. 辩证法的观点
【单选题】
真象和假象的区别在于___
A. 真象是客观的,假象是主观的
B. 真象表现本质,假象不表现本质
C. 真象深藏于事物内部,假象外露于事物外部
D. 真象从正面直接地表现本质,假象从反面歪曲地表现本质
【单选题】
有的哲学家说,在大风扬起的尘土中,每一粒尘土的运动状况都是纯粹必然的。这是种___
A. 辩证唯物主义决定论的观点
B. 形而上学的机械决定论的观点
C. 唯心主义非决定论的观点
D. 庸俗唯物主义的观点
【单选题】
“或然率”是指___
A. 可能性在质上的一种科学说明和测定
B. 可能性在量上的一种科学说明和测定
C. 必然性的一种科学说明和判定
D. 偶然性的一种科学说明和测定
【单选题】
Economically speaking, are we better off than we were ten years ago? Twenty years ago? In their thirst for evidence on this issue, commentators seized on the recent report by the Census Bureau, which found that average household income rose by 5.2% in 2015. Unfortunately, that conclusion puts too much weight on a useful, but flawed and incomplete, statistic. Among the more significant problems with the Census’s measure are that: 1) it excludes taxes, transfers, and compensation like employer-provided health insurance; and 2) it is based on surveys rather than data. Even if precisely measured, income data exclude important determinants of economic well-being, such as the hours of work needed to earn that income. While thinking about the question, we came across a recently published article by Charles Jones and Peter Klenow, which proposes an interesting new measure of economic welfare. While by no means perfect, it is considerably more comprehensive than average income, taking into account not only growth in consumption per person but also changes in working time, life expectancy, and inequality. Moreover, it can be used to assess economic performance both across countries and over time. The Jones-Klenow method can be illustrated by a cross-country example. Suppose we want to compare the economic welfare of citizens of the U.S. and France in 2005. In 2005, as the authors observe, real consumption per person in France was only 60% as high as the U.S., making it appear that Americans were economically much better off than the French on average. However, that comparison omits other relevant factors: leisure time, life expectancy, and economic inequality. The French take longer vacations and retire earlier, so typically work fewer hours; they enjoy a higher life expectancy, presumably reflecting advantages with respect to health care, diet, lifestyle, and the like; and income and consumption are somewhat more equally distributed there than in the U.S. Because of these differences, comparing France’s consumption with the U.S.’s overstates the gap in economic welfare. Similar calculations can be used to compare the U.S. and other countries. For example, this calculation puts economic welfare in the United Kingdom at 97% of U.S. levels, but estimates Mexican well-being at 22%. The Jones-Klenow measure can also assess an economy’s performance over time. According to this measure, as of the early-to-mid-2000s, the U.S. had the highest economic welfare of any large country. Since 2007, economic welfare in the U.S. has continued to improve. However, the pace of improvement has slowed markedly. Methodologically, the lesson from the Jones-Klenow research is that economic welfare is multi-dimensional. Their approach is flexible enough that in principle other important quality-of-life changes could be incorporated—for example, decreases in total emissions of pollutants and declines in crime rates. What does the author think of the 2015 report by the Census Bureau?___
A. It is based on questionable statistics.
B. It reflects the economic changes.
C. It evidences the improved welfare.
D. It provides much food for thought.
【单选题】
Economically speaking, are we better off than we were ten years ago? Twenty years ago? In their thirst for evidence on this issue, commentators seized on the recent report by the Census Bureau, which found that average household income rose by 5.2% in 2015. Unfortunately, that conclusion puts too much weight on a useful, but flawed and incomplete, statistic. Among the more significant problems with the Census’s measure are that: 1) it excludes taxes, transfers, and compensation like employer-provided health insurance; and 2) it is based on surveys rather than data. Even if precisely measured, income data exclude important determinants of economic well-being, such as the hours of work needed to earn that income. While thinking about the question, we came across a recently published article by Charles Jones and Peter Klenow, which proposes an interesting new measure of economic welfare. While by no means perfect, it is considerably more comprehensive than average income, taking into account not only growth in consumption per person but also changes in working time, life expectancy, and inequality. Moreover, it can be used to assess economic performance both across countries and over time. The Jones-Klenow method can be illustrated by a cross-country example. Suppose we want to compare the economic welfare of citizens of the U.S. and France in 2005. In 2005, as the authors observe, real consumption per person in France was only 60% as high as the U.S., making it appear that Americans were economically much better off than the French on average. However, that comparison omits other relevant factors: leisure time, life expectancy, and economic inequality. The French take longer vacations and retire earlier, so typically work fewer hours; they enjoy a higher life expectancy, presumably reflecting advantages with respect to health care, diet, lifestyle, and the like; and income and consumption are somewhat more equally distributed there than in the U.S. Because of these differences, comparing France’s consumption with the U.S.’s overstates the gap in economic welfare. Similar calculations can be used to compare the U.S. and other countries. For example, this calculation puts economic welfare in the United Kingdom at 97% of U.S. levels, but estimates Mexican well-being at 22%. The Jones-Klenow measure can also assess an economy’s performance over time. According to this measure, as of the early-to-mid-2000s, the U.S. had the highest economic welfare of any large country. Since 2007, economic welfare in the U.S. has continued to improve. However, the pace of improvement has slowed markedly. Methodologically, the lesson from the Jones-Klenow research is that economic welfare is multi-dimensional. Their approach is flexible enough that in principle other important quality-of-life changes could be incorporated—for example, decreases in total emissions of pollutants and declines in crime rates. What does the author say about the Jones-Klenow method?___
A. It is widely used to compare the economic growth across countries.
B. It revolutionizes the way of measuring ordinary people’s livelihood.
C. It focuses on people’s consumption rather that their average income.
D. It is a more comprehensive measure of people’s economic well-being.
【单选题】
Economically speaking, are we better off than we were ten years ago? Twenty years ago? In their thirst for evidence on this issue, commentators seized on the recent report by the Census Bureau, which found that average household income rose by 5.2% in 2015. Unfortunately, that conclusion puts too much weight on a useful, but flawed and incomplete, statistic. Among the more significant problems with the Census’s measure are that: 1) it excludes taxes, transfers, and compensation like employer-provided health insurance; and 2) it is based on surveys rather than data. Even if precisely measured, income data exclude important determinants of economic well-being, such as the hours of work needed to earn that income. While thinking about the question, we came across a recently published article by Charles Jones and Peter Klenow, which proposes an interesting new measure of economic welfare. While by no means perfect, it is considerably more comprehensive than average income, taking into account not only growth in consumption per person but also changes in working time, life expectancy, and inequality. Moreover, it can be used to assess economic performance both across countries and over time. The Jones-Klenow method can be illustrated by a cross-country example. Suppose we want to compare the economic welfare of citizens of the U.S. and France in 2005. In 2005, as the authors observe, real consumption per person in France was only 60% as high as the U.S., making it appear that Americans were economically much better off than the French on average. However, that comparison omits other relevant factors: leisure time, life expectancy, and economic inequality. The French take longer vacations and retire earlier, so typically work fewer hours; they enjoy a higher life expectancy, presumably reflecting advantages with respect to health care, diet, lifestyle, and the like; and income and consumption are somewhat more equally distributed there than in the U.S. Because of these differences, comparing France’s consumption with the U.S.’s overstates the gap in economic welfare. Similar calculations can be used to compare the U.S. and other countries. For example, this calculation puts economic welfare in the United Kingdom at 97% of U.S. levels, but estimates Mexican well-being at 22%. The Jones-Klenow measure can also assess an economy’s performance over time. According to this measure, as of the early-to-mid-2000s, the U.S. had the highest economic welfare of any large country. Since 2007, economic welfare in the U.S. has continued to improve. However, the pace of improvement has slowed markedly. Methodologically, the lesson from the Jones-Klenow research is that economic welfare is multi-dimensional. Their approach is flexible enough that in principle other important quality-of-life changes could be incorporated—for example, decreases in total emissions of pollutants and declines in crime rates. What do Jones and Klenow think of the comparison between France and the U.S. in terms of real consumption per person?___
A. It reflected the existing big gap between the two economies.
B. It neglected many important indicators of people’s welfare.
C. It covered up the differences between individual citizens.
D. It failed to count in their difference in natural resources.
【单选题】
Economically speaking, are we better off than we were ten years ago? Twenty years ago? In their thirst for evidence on this issue, commentators seized on the recent report by the Census Bureau, which found that average household income rose by 5.2% in 2015. Unfortunately, that conclusion puts too much weight on a useful, but flawed and incomplete, statistic. Among the more significant problems with the Census’s measure are that: 1) it excludes taxes, transfers, and compensation like employer-provided health insurance; and 2) it is based on surveys rather than data. Even if precisely measured, income data exclude important determinants of economic well-being, such as the hours of work needed to earn that income. While thinking about the question, we came across a recently published article by Charles Jones and Peter Klenow, which proposes an interesting new measure of economic welfare. While by no means perfect, it is considerably more comprehensive than average income, taking into account not only growth in consumption per person but also changes in working time, life expectancy, and inequality. Moreover, it can be used to assess economic performance both across countries and over time. The Jones-Klenow method can be illustrated by a cross-country example. Suppose we want to compare the economic welfare of citizens of the U.S. and France in 2005. In 2005, as the authors observe, real consumption per person in France was only 60% as high as the U.S., making it appear that Americans were economically much better off than the French on average. However, that comparison omits other relevant factors: leisure time, life expectancy, and economic inequality. The French take longer vacations and retire earlier, so typically work fewer hours; they enjoy a higher life expectancy, presumably reflecting advantages with respect to health care, diet, lifestyle, and the like; and income and consumption are somewhat more equally distributed there than in the U.S. Because of these differences, comparing France’s consumption with the U.S.’s overstates the gap in economic welfare. Similar calculations can be used to compare the U.S. and other countries. For example, this calculation puts economic welfare in the United Kingdom at 97% of U.S. levels, but estimates Mexican well-being at 22%. The Jones-Klenow measure can also assess an economy’s performance over time. According to this measure, as of the early-to-mid-2000s, the U.S. had the highest economic welfare of any large country. Since 2007, economic welfare in the U.S. has continued to improve. However, the pace of improvement has slowed markedly. Methodologically, the lesson from the Jones-Klenow research is that economic welfare is multi-dimensional. Their approach is flexible enough that in principle other important quality-of-life changes could be incorporated—for example, decreases in total emissions of pollutants and declines in crime rates. What is an advantage of the Jones-Klenow method?___
A. It can accurately pinpoint a country’s current economic problems.
B. It can help to raise people’s awareness of their economic well-being.
C. It can diagnose the causes of a country’s slowing pace of economic improvement.
D. It can compare a country’s economic conditions between different periods of time.
【单选题】
Economically speaking, are we better off than we were ten years ago? Twenty years ago? In their thirst for evidence on this issue, commentators seized on the recent report by the Census Bureau, which found that average household income rose by 5.2% in 2015. Unfortunately, that conclusion puts too much weight on a useful, but flawed and incomplete, statistic. Among the more significant problems with the Census’s measure are that: 1) it excludes taxes, transfers, and compensation like employer-provided health insurance; and 2) it is based on surveys rather than data. Even if precisely measured, income data exclude important determinants of economic well-being, such as the hours of work needed to earn that income. While thinking about the question, we came across a recently published article by Charles Jones and Peter Klenow, which proposes an interesting new measure of economic welfare. While by no means perfect, it is considerably more comprehensive than average income, taking into account not only growth in consumption per person but also changes in working time, life expectancy, and inequality. Moreover, it can be used to assess economic performance both across countries and over time. The Jones-Klenow method can be illustrated by a cross-country example. Suppose we want to compare the economic welfare of citizens of the U.S. and France in 2005. In 2005, as the authors observe, real consumption per person in France was only 60% as high as the U.S., making it appear that Americans were economically much better off than the French on average. However, that comparison omits other relevant factors: leisure time, life expectancy, and economic inequality. The French take longer vacations and retire earlier, so typically work fewer hours; they enjoy a higher life expectancy, presumably reflecting advantages with respect to health care, diet, lifestyle, and the like; and income and consumption are somewhat more equally distributed there than in the U.S. Because of these differences, comparing France’s consumption with the U.S.’s overstates the gap in economic welfare. Similar calculations can be used to compare the U.S. and other countries. For example, this calculation puts economic welfare in the United Kingdom at 97% of U.S. levels, but estimates Mexican well-being at 22%. The Jones-Klenow measure can also assess an economy’s performance over time. According to this measure, as of the early-to-mid-2000s, the U.S. had the highest economic welfare of any large country. Since 2007, economic welfare in the U.S. has continued to improve. However, the pace of improvement has slowed markedly. Methodologically, the lesson from the Jones-Klenow research is that economic welfare is multi-dimensional. Their approach is flexible enough that in principle other important quality-of-life changes could be incorporated—for example, decreases in total emissions of pollutants and declines in crime rates. What can we infer from the passage about American people’s economic well-being?___
A. It is much better than that of their European counterparts.
B. It has been on the decline ever since the turn of the century.
C. It has not improved as much as reported by the Census Bureau.
D. It has not been accurately assessed and reported since mid-2000s.
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