【简答题】
中级电厂水处理值班员技能要求试卷
二、监视调整能力
1.为什么要对逆流再生固定床定期进行大反洗?大反洗间隔时间如何确定?
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答:逆流再生固定床在平时再生时仅反洗表面压实层,但在多次运行后很难保证下部树脂不被污染,因此必须定期对整个床层进行反洗,即大反洗。
阳床一般运行10∽20个周期大反洗一次。阴床由于入口水质较好,可在经过20∽30周期大反洗一次,也可以根据观察树脂表层污染情况,或再生剂用量逐步上升,或出水质量下降等现象来决定大反洗的间隔时间。
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【简答题】
中级电厂水处理值班员技能要求试卷
二、监视调整能力
2.水泵电动机的电流过大有哪些原因?应如何处理?
【简答题】
中级电厂水处理值班员技能要求试卷
三、安全排障能力
试分析真空泵抽不上真空的原因,并应如何处理?
【简答题】
中级电厂水处理值班员技能要求试卷
四、计算表达能力
一台阴离子交换器,内装树脂V=17.5m3,树脂的工作交换量EG=250mol/m3,再生一台需含NaOH为30%的工业烧碱m=1000kg,求再生碱耗!
【简答题】
中级电厂水处理值班员技能要求试卷
五、分析判断能力
除盐系统中树脂有机物中毒有哪些典型症状?
【单选题】
意识形态工作本质上做的是___工作。
A. : 政治
B. : 思想
C. : 引导
D. : 疏导第11题答案.
【单选题】
要重点抓好___创新、()创新、()创新,积极探索有利于破解工作难题的新举措新办法。
A. : 理念 措施 方式方法
B. : 理念 手段 方式方法
C. : 思想 手段 载体
D. : 思想 措施 载体第13题答案.
【单选题】
建设社会主义意识形态,___至关重要。
A. : 政治素质
B. : 价值取向
C. : 立场方向
D. : 政治觉悟第15题答案.
【单选题】
发展社会主义市场经济有利于增强人们的___意识、竞争意识、()意识、民主法治意识和开拓创新精神。
A. : 自立 效率
B. : 自立 绩效
C. : 独立 效率
D. : 看齐 绩效第16题答案.
【单选题】
经过改革开放40年的发展,我国社会生产力水平总体上显著提高,社会生产能力在很多方面进入世界前列。我国国内生产总值自2010年开始稳居世界第二位,货物进出口和___总额均居世界第二位,对外投资和xxxx分别居世界第二位、第三位,xx部分领域遥遥领先,高铁运营总里程、高速公路总里程和港口吞吐量均居世界第一位。工农业生产能力大幅提高,220多种主要xx生产能力稳居世界第一位,一些产品甚至出现大量过剩。这说明,我国长期所处的短缺经济和供给不足状况已经发生根本性转变,再讲“落后的社会生产”已经不符合实际。
A. :服务贸易、利用外资、基础设施建设、工农业产品
B. :服务贸易、利用外资、基础设施建设、农业产品
C. :服务贸易、利用外资、基础建设、工农业产品
D. :利用外资、基础建设、农业产品、工业产品
【单选题】
改革开放以来,我国人民生活水平不断迈上新台阶,人均国内生产总值从1978年的385元增长到2017年的59660元,年均增长约___,已经达到中等偏上收入国家水平;城镇居民人均可支配收入和农村居民人均可支配收入分别从1978年的343.4元、133.6元提高到2017年的36396元、13432元;农村贫困发生率从1978年的大幅下降到2017年的3.1%以下,远低于世界平均水平;居民受教育程度不断提高,九年义务教育全面普及,高等教育毛入学率2017年达到xxxx,高出世界平均水平近10个百分点。
A. :9.5%、97.5%、60.7%
B. :9.5%、97.5%、45.7%
C. :10%、90.5%、60.7%
D. :15%、90.5%、60.7%
【单选题】
随着人民生活水平不断提高,人民群众的需要呈现多样化多层次多方面的特点,期盼有更好的教育、更稳定的工作、更满意的收入、更可靠的社会保障、更高水平的医疗卫生服务、更舒适的居住条件、更优美的环境、更丰富的精神文化生活,人民群众的___、xxxx、xxxx、参与意识、监督意识、维权意识在不断增强。
A. :环境意识、公平意识、法治意识
B. :民主意识、公平意识、法治意识
C. :民主意识、公平意识、竞争意识
D. :环境意识、公平意识、竞争意识
【单选题】
从社会生产力来看,我国既有世界先进甚至世界领先的生产力,也有___的、xxxx甚至xxxx,而且不同地区、不同领域的生产力水平和布局很不均衡。
A. :大量传统、相对落后、原始的生产力
B. :相对落后、大量传统、落后的生产力
C. :大量传统、相对落后、落后的生产力
D. :原始的生产力、相对落后、落后的生产力
【单选题】
从___来看,经济社会发展取得重大成就,但各个领域仍然存在这样那样的短板,有些方面还面临xxxx。从xxxx来看,我国城市和乡村之间,东部地区、中部地区、西部地区之间,发展水平差距仍然较大。
A. :经济效益、不少突出问题、城乡和区域发展
B. :宏观布局、突出问题、城乡和区域发展
C. :“五位一体”总体布局、不少突出问题、城乡和区域发展
D. :宏观布局、不少突出问题、城乡和区域发展
【单选题】
从收入分配来看,虽然我国人均国民收入在世界上处在中等偏上行列,绝大部分人已经解决了温饱问题,但收入分配差距仍然较大,农村有___尚未脱贫,城市还有xxxx。这些发展xxxx相互掣肘,带来很多社会矛盾和问题,是现阶段各种社会矛盾、社会问题交织的主要根源。
A. :几千万人口、不少突出问题、不均衡问题
B. :几千万人口、不少困难群众、不平衡不充分问题
C. :几百万人口、不少突出问题、不平衡不充分问题
D. :几千万人口、不少困难群众、不均衡问
【单选题】
我国社会___的变化是关系全局的历史性变化。
A. :基本矛盾
B. :根本矛盾
C. :主要矛盾
D. :次要矛盾
【单选题】
要结合当前任务和长远目标,坚持___和xxxx的方法论,在继续推动发展的基础上,着力解决好发展不平衡不充分问题,大力提升发展质量和效益,更好满足人民在经济、政治、文化、社会、生态文明等方面日益增长的需要,更好推动人的全面发展、社会全面进步。
A. :辩证唯物主义、历史唯物主义
B. :辩证法、历史唯物主义
C. :辩证唯物主义、客观唯心主义
D. :辩证唯心主义、历史唯物主义
【单选题】
社会主义初级阶段是___阶段,当前我国虽然已经取得举世瞩目的发展成就,但仍是世界上最大的xxxx,仍然面对一系列严峻挑战,还有许多需要解决的问题。
A. :发达、发达国家
B. :发展中、发展中国家
C. :发展中、发达国家
D. :不发达、发展中国家
【单选题】
我们党对社会主义初级阶段的认识,从来都不是单纯从经济发展水平一个因素来看的,而是从整个社会主义事业发展全局来看的,涉及生产力和___,经济基础和xxxx,涉及物质文明和xxxx建设,涉及经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设和党的建设各个方面。
A. :生产关系、上层建筑、精神文明
B. :生产纽带、上层建筑、意识文明
C. :生产关系、高层建筑、意识文明
D. :生产纽带、高层建筑、精神文明
【单选题】
谋划发展、制定政策,要始终牢牢把握社会主义初级阶段这个基本国情,牢牢立足社会主义初级阶段这个最大实际,牢牢坚持___这个党和国家的生命线、人民的幸福线,既不落后于时代,也不能脱离实际、超越阶段。
A. :马克思主义
B. :党的基本路线
C. :党的发展方针
D. :党的基本纲领
【单选题】
(人民当家作主)是社会主义民主政治的本质特征。第1题答案. 2.坚定中国特色社会主义制度自信,首先要坚定对中国特色社会主义___的自信,增强走中国特色社会主义政治发展道路的信心和决心。
A. : 政治制度
B. : 法治制度
C. : 文化制度
D. : 民主制度
【单选题】
统一战线是一致性和___的统一体。
A. : 丰富性
B. : 多样性
C. : 异样性
D. : 异样性
【单选题】
肩负历史使命、实现新的目标,需要我们最大限度把各阶层各方面的智慧和力量凝聚起来,最大限度把全社会全民族的___发挥出来,现固和发展最广泛的爱国统一战线。
A. : 积极性、主动性、创新性
B. : 主动性、创造性、统一性
C. : 积极性、先进性、创新性
D. : 积极性、主动性、创造性
【单选题】
___,中国人民政治协商会议第一届全体会议召开,标志着中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度正式确立。
A. : 1954年9月21日
B. : 1949年9月21日
C. : 1949年10月21日
D. : 1954年9月15日第3题答案.
【单选题】
社会主义协商民主有利于保持党同人民群众的血肉联系,___。
A. : 促进社会和谐稳定
B. : 更好实现人民当家作主的权利
C. : 巩固和扩大党的执政基础
D. : 推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化。第6题答案.
【单选题】
增强协商的广泛性针对性,涉及___的,重视听取社会各方面的意见和建议,吸纳社会公众特别是利益相关方参与协商。
A. : 社会发展重大问题、重大公共利益、重大民生
B. : 经济社会发展重大问题、重大国家利益、重大民生
C. : 社会发展重大问题、重大国家利益、重大民生
D. : 经济社会发展重大问题、重大公共利益、重大民生
【单选题】
坚持党对一切工作的领导,既要___,也要。
A. :政治过硬本领过硬
B. :政治过硬领导过硬
C. :领导过硬本领高强
D. :政治过硬本领高强
【单选题】
方向___。党的领导第一位的就是举旗定向。
A. :涉及根源、关系全局、决定长远
B. :涉及根本、关系大局、决定长远
C. :涉及根本、关系全局、决定长远
D. :涉及本质、关系全局、决定长远
【单选题】
在推进经济社会发展中,要坚持以___,着眼解决人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾,抓住群众最关心最直接最现实的利益问题,制定切实管用的政策措施。
A. :国家为中心
B. :群众为中心
C. :全党为中心
D. :人民为中心
【单选题】
___是决定当代中国命运的关键一招,也是实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标、实现中华民族伟大复兴的关键一招。
A. :改革发展
B. :改革创新
C. :改革开放
D. :转型发展
【单选题】
广大党员干部工作在第一线,是推进党的___贯彻落实的重要力量,是党的事业的骨干。
A. :理论和路线方针政策
B. :制度和路线方针政策
C. :纪律和路线方针政策
D. :章程和路线方针政策
【单选题】
把人民对美好生活的向往作为奋斗目标,关键是___人民立场。
A. : 站稳
B. : 站在
C. : 守住
D. : 把牢
【单选题】
共同富裕,是中国共产党带领人民追求的一个 ___,也是自古以来我国人民的一个 。
A. : 基本理想、基本目标
B. : 基本目标、基本理想
C. : 根本目标、最终理想
D. : 最终理想、根本目标
【单选题】
必须坚持以人民为中心,在___ 共享、 共享、 共享、 共享中,不断实现好、维护好、发展好最广大人民的根本利益。
A. : 全面、全民、渐进、共建
B. : 全面、全民、共建、渐进
C. : 全民、全面、共建、渐进
D. : 全面、全民、渐进、共建
【单选题】
紧紧抓住人民最关心最直接最现实的利益问题,从人民群众关心的事情做起,从让人民群众满意的事情做起,使人民 ___、 、 更加充实、更有保障、更可持续。
A. : 幸福感、获得感、安全感
B. : 获得感、幸福感、安全感
C. : 安全感、获得感、幸福感
【单选题】
13多亿中国人民的共同期盼是___
A. : 全面建成小康社会??
B. : 实现中华民族伟大复兴??
C. : 基本实现现代化
D. : 建成现代化强国
【单选题】
首先用“小康”来诠释中国式现代化的是___
A. : 毛泽东
B. : 邓小平
C. : 周恩来
D. : 刘少奇
【单选题】
党的___以来,以习近平同志为核心的党中央提出了全面建成小康社会的新的目标要求。
A. : 十五大
B. : 十六大
C. : 十七大
D. : 十八大
【单选题】
全面建成小康社会是实现中华民族伟大复兴的___、()
A. : 重要基础 关键一步
B. : 重要内容 关键一步
C. : 重要基础 关键步骤
D. : 重要内容 关键步骤
【单选题】
“全面”指的是发展的平衡性、协调性、___
A. : 稳定性
B. : 可持续性
C. : 高效性
D. : 连续性
【单选题】
要坚持___为中心,全面推进经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设,促进社会主义现代化建设各个环节、各个方面协调发展。
A. : 社会建设
B. : 政治建设
C. : 经济建设
D. : 文化建设
推荐试题
【单选题】
唯物辩证法认为发展的实质是___
A. 事物数量的增加
B. 事物根本性质的变化
C. 事物的一切运动变化
D. 新事物的产生和旧事物的灭亡
【单选题】
区分新事物和旧事物的标志在于看它们___
A. 是不是在新的历史条件下出现的
B. 是不是符合事物发展规律、有强大生命力
C. 是不是具有新形式和新特点
D. 是不是得到绝大多数人的承认
【单选题】
质量互变规律揭示了___
A. 事物发展的动力和源泉
B. 事物发展的状态和过程
C. 事物发展的方向和道路
D. 事物发展的两种趋势
【单选题】
质和事物的存在是___
A. 相互对立的
B. 相互包含的
C. 直接同一的
D. 相互转化的
【单选题】
在实际工作中,要注意掌握分寸,防止“过”或“不及”,其关键在于___
A. 抓住事物的主要矛盾
B. 确定事物的质
C. 认识事物的量
D. 把握事物的度
【单选题】
区分量变和质变的根本标志是看___
A. 事物的变化是否显著
B. 事物的变化是否迅速
C. 事物的某些属性是否发生了变化
D. 事物的变化是否超出度的范围
【单选题】
量变的复杂性是指___
A. 量变的程度发展不同
B. 量变形式的多样性和总的量变过程中有部分质变
C. 质变中有量的扩张
D. 量变有在度的范围内的变化和突破度的范围的变化
【单选题】
量变中的阶段性部分质变表现了___
A. 事物内部各部分之间变化的不平衡性
B. 事物整体与某些构成部分之间变化的不平衡性
C. 事物与事物之间变化的不平衡性
D. 事物的本质属性与非本质属性之间变化的不平衡性
【单选题】
量变中的局部性部分质变是___
A. 事物的本质属性与非本质属性之间变化不平衡性的表现
B. 事物的各个部分之间变化不平衡性的表现
C. 事物的内部矛盾和外部条件变化不平衡性的表现
D. 事物的量和质变化不平衡性的表现
【单选题】
揭示事物发展的趋势和道路的规律是___
A. 对立统一规律
B. 质量互变规律
C. 否定之否定规律
D. 联系和发展规律
【单选题】
“肯定和否定相互渗透,在一定意义上,肯定就是否定。”这是一种___
A. 相对主义诡辩论的观点
B. 唯物辩证法的观点
C. 主观唯心主义的观点
D. 形而上学的观点
【单选题】
事物的否定方面是指___
A. 事物的积极方面
B. 事物的消极方面
C. 事物中维持其存在的方面
D. 事物中促使其灭亡的方面
【单选题】
作为辩证的否定的“扬弃”是___
A. 既保留又继承
B. 彻底抛弃
C. 既克服又保留
D. 矛盾的调和
【单选题】
辩证的否定是事物发展的环节,因为辩证的否定___
A. 把旧事物完全抛弃
B. 使旧事物发生量变
C. 是新事物产生、旧事物灭亡
D. 是从外部强加给事物的
【单选题】
否定之否定规律___
A. 在事物完成一个发展周期时才能完整地表现出来
B. 在事物发展过程中任何一点上都可以表现出来
C. 在事物经过量变和质变两种状态后表现出来
D. 在事物发展过程中经过肯定和否定两个阶段表现出来
【单选题】
事物发展的周期性体现了___
A. 事物发展的直线性与曲折性的统一
B. 事物发展是一个不断地回到出发点的运动
C. 事物发展的周而复始的循环性
D. 事物发展的前进性和曲折性的统一
【单选题】
直线论的错误在于只看到___
A. 事物发展的周期性而否认了前进性
B. 事物发展的前进性而否认了曲折性
C. 事物发展的间接性而否认了连续性
D. 事物发展的曲折性而否认了周期性
【单选题】
循环论的错误在于___
A. 只看到事物发展的普遍性,没有看到事物发展过程的特殊性
B. 只看到事物的绝对运动,没有看到事物的相对静止
C. 只看到事物发展道路的曲折性,没有看到事物发展趋势的前进性
D. 只看到新旧事物之间的连续性,没有看到新旧事物之间的间断性
【单选题】
对立统一规律揭示了___
A. 事物发展的动力和源泉
B. 事物发展的状态和过程
C. 事物发展的方向和道路
D. 事物发展的两种趋向
【单选题】
唯物辩证法的实质和核心是___
A. 对立统一规律
B. 质量互变规律
C. 否定之否定规律
D. 联系和发展的规律
【单选题】
辩证法所说的矛盾是指___
A. 人们思维中的前后不一的自相矛盾
B. 事物之间或事物内部各要素之间的对立统一
C. 对立面之间的相互排斥
D. 事物之间或事物内部各要素之间的相互依赖
【单选题】
矛盾的基本属性是___
A. 普遍性和特殊性
B. 绝对性和相对性
C. 变动性和稳定性
D. 斗争性和同一性
【单选题】
依据是___
A. 矛盾的同一性和斗争性辩证关系的原理
B. 矛盾的普遍性和特殊性辩证关系的原理
C. 事物发展的量变和质变辩证关系的原理
D. 事物发展的内因和外因辩证关系的原理
【单选题】
矛盾问题的精髓是___
A. 矛盾的普遍性和特殊性关系的问题
B. 矛盾的同一性和斗争性关系的问题
C. 主要矛盾和次要矛盾关系的问题
D. 矛盾的主要方面和次要方面关系的问题
【单选题】
题的方法都是___
A. 重点论
B. 均衡论
C. 一点论
D. 两点论
【单选题】
“任何个别(无论怎样)都是一般”。这句话的正确含义是___
A. 特殊性就是普遍性
B. 特殊性存在于普遍性之中
C. 普遍性是特殊性的总和
D. 特殊性中包含普遍性
【单选题】
在唯物辩证法看来,水果同苹果、梨、香蕉、桔子等的关系是___
A. 共性和个性的关系
B. 整体和部分的关系
C. 本质和现象的关系
D. 内容和形式的关系
【单选题】
“是就是是,不是就是不是,除此之外都是鬼话。”这是一种___
A. 形而上学的观点
B. 相对主义的观点
C. 唯心主义的观点
D. 辩证法的观点
【单选题】
真象和假象的区别在于___
A. 真象是客观的,假象是主观的
B. 真象表现本质,假象不表现本质
C. 真象深藏于事物内部,假象外露于事物外部
D. 真象从正面直接地表现本质,假象从反面歪曲地表现本质
【单选题】
有的哲学家说,在大风扬起的尘土中,每一粒尘土的运动状况都是纯粹必然的。这是种___
A. 辩证唯物主义决定论的观点
B. 形而上学的机械决定论的观点
C. 唯心主义非决定论的观点
D. 庸俗唯物主义的观点
【单选题】
“或然率”是指___
A. 可能性在质上的一种科学说明和测定
B. 可能性在量上的一种科学说明和测定
C. 必然性的一种科学说明和判定
D. 偶然性的一种科学说明和测定
【单选题】
Economically speaking, are we better off than we were ten years ago? Twenty years ago?
In their thirst for evidence on this issue, commentators seized on the recent report by the Census Bureau, which found that average household income rose by 5.2% in 2015. Unfortunately, that conclusion puts too much weight on a useful, but flawed and incomplete, statistic. Among the more significant problems with the Census’s measure are that: 1) it excludes taxes, transfers, and compensation like employer-provided health insurance; and 2) it is based on surveys rather than data. Even if precisely measured, income data exclude important determinants of economic well-being, such as the hours of work needed to earn that income.
While thinking about the question, we came across a recently published article by Charles Jones and Peter Klenow, which proposes an interesting new measure of economic welfare. While by no means perfect, it is considerably more comprehensive than average income, taking into account not only growth in consumption per person but also changes in working time, life expectancy, and inequality. Moreover, it can be used to assess economic performance both across countries and over time.
The Jones-Klenow method can be illustrated by a cross-country example. Suppose we want to compare the economic welfare of citizens of the U.S. and France in 2005.
In 2005, as the authors observe, real consumption per person in France was only 60% as high as the U.S., making it appear that Americans were economically much better off than the French on average. However, that comparison omits other relevant factors: leisure time, life expectancy, and economic inequality. The French take longer vacations and retire earlier, so typically work fewer hours; they enjoy a higher life expectancy, presumably reflecting advantages with respect to health care, diet, lifestyle, and the like; and income and consumption are somewhat more equally distributed there than in the U.S. Because of these differences, comparing France’s consumption with the U.S.’s overstates the gap in economic welfare.
Similar calculations can be used to compare the U.S. and other countries. For example, this calculation puts economic welfare in the United Kingdom at 97% of U.S. levels, but estimates Mexican well-being at 22%.
The Jones-Klenow measure can also assess an economy’s performance over time. According to this measure, as of the early-to-mid-2000s, the U.S. had the highest economic welfare of any large country. Since 2007, economic welfare in the U.S. has continued to improve. However, the pace of improvement has slowed markedly.
Methodologically, the lesson from the Jones-Klenow research is that economic welfare is multi-dimensional. Their approach is flexible enough that in principle other important quality-of-life changes could be incorporated—for example, decreases in total emissions of pollutants and declines in crime rates.
What does the author think of the 2015 report by the Census Bureau?___
A. It is based on questionable statistics.
B. It reflects the economic changes.
C. It evidences the improved welfare.
D. It provides much food for thought.
【单选题】
Economically speaking, are we better off than we were ten years ago? Twenty years ago?
In their thirst for evidence on this issue, commentators seized on the recent report by the Census Bureau, which found that average household income rose by 5.2% in 2015. Unfortunately, that conclusion puts too much weight on a useful, but flawed and incomplete, statistic. Among the more significant problems with the Census’s measure are that: 1) it excludes taxes, transfers, and compensation like employer-provided health insurance; and 2) it is based on surveys rather than data. Even if precisely measured, income data exclude important determinants of economic well-being, such as the hours of work needed to earn that income.
While thinking about the question, we came across a recently published article by Charles Jones and Peter Klenow, which proposes an interesting new measure of economic welfare. While by no means perfect, it is considerably more comprehensive than average income, taking into account not only growth in consumption per person but also changes in working time, life expectancy, and inequality. Moreover, it can be used to assess economic performance both across countries and over time.
The Jones-Klenow method can be illustrated by a cross-country example. Suppose we want to compare the economic welfare of citizens of the U.S. and France in 2005.
In 2005, as the authors observe, real consumption per person in France was only 60% as high as the U.S., making it appear that Americans were economically much better off than the French on average. However, that comparison omits other relevant factors: leisure time, life expectancy, and economic inequality. The French take longer vacations and retire earlier, so typically work fewer hours; they enjoy a higher life expectancy, presumably reflecting advantages with respect to health care, diet, lifestyle, and the like; and income and consumption are somewhat more equally distributed there than in the U.S. Because of these differences, comparing France’s consumption with the U.S.’s overstates the gap in economic welfare.
Similar calculations can be used to compare the U.S. and other countries. For example, this calculation puts economic welfare in the United Kingdom at 97% of U.S. levels, but estimates Mexican well-being at 22%.
The Jones-Klenow measure can also assess an economy’s performance over time. According to this measure, as of the early-to-mid-2000s, the U.S. had the highest economic welfare of any large country. Since 2007, economic welfare in the U.S. has continued to improve. However, the pace of improvement has slowed markedly.
Methodologically, the lesson from the Jones-Klenow research is that economic welfare is multi-dimensional. Their approach is flexible enough that in principle other important quality-of-life changes could be incorporated—for example, decreases in total emissions of pollutants and declines in crime rates.
What does the author say about the Jones-Klenow method?___
A. It is widely used to compare the economic growth across countries.
B. It revolutionizes the way of measuring ordinary people’s livelihood.
C. It focuses on people’s consumption rather that their average income.
D. It is a more comprehensive measure of people’s economic well-being.
【单选题】
Economically speaking, are we better off than we were ten years ago? Twenty years ago?
In their thirst for evidence on this issue, commentators seized on the recent report by the Census Bureau, which found that average household income rose by 5.2% in 2015. Unfortunately, that conclusion puts too much weight on a useful, but flawed and incomplete, statistic. Among the more significant problems with the Census’s measure are that: 1) it excludes taxes, transfers, and compensation like employer-provided health insurance; and 2) it is based on surveys rather than data. Even if precisely measured, income data exclude important determinants of economic well-being, such as the hours of work needed to earn that income.
While thinking about the question, we came across a recently published article by Charles Jones and Peter Klenow, which proposes an interesting new measure of economic welfare. While by no means perfect, it is considerably more comprehensive than average income, taking into account not only growth in consumption per person but also changes in working time, life expectancy, and inequality. Moreover, it can be used to assess economic performance both across countries and over time.
The Jones-Klenow method can be illustrated by a cross-country example. Suppose we want to compare the economic welfare of citizens of the U.S. and France in 2005.
In 2005, as the authors observe, real consumption per person in France was only 60% as high as the U.S., making it appear that Americans were economically much better off than the French on average. However, that comparison omits other relevant factors: leisure time, life expectancy, and economic inequality. The French take longer vacations and retire earlier, so typically work fewer hours; they enjoy a higher life expectancy, presumably reflecting advantages with respect to health care, diet, lifestyle, and the like; and income and consumption are somewhat more equally distributed there than in the U.S. Because of these differences, comparing France’s consumption with the U.S.’s overstates the gap in economic welfare.
Similar calculations can be used to compare the U.S. and other countries. For example, this calculation puts economic welfare in the United Kingdom at 97% of U.S. levels, but estimates Mexican well-being at 22%.
The Jones-Klenow measure can also assess an economy’s performance over time. According to this measure, as of the early-to-mid-2000s, the U.S. had the highest economic welfare of any large country. Since 2007, economic welfare in the U.S. has continued to improve. However, the pace of improvement has slowed markedly.
Methodologically, the lesson from the Jones-Klenow research is that economic welfare is multi-dimensional. Their approach is flexible enough that in principle other important quality-of-life changes could be incorporated—for example, decreases in total emissions of pollutants and declines in crime rates.
What do Jones and Klenow think of the comparison between France and the U.S. in terms of real consumption per person?___
A. It reflected the existing big gap between the two economies.
B. It neglected many important indicators of people’s welfare.
C. It covered up the differences between individual citizens.
D. It failed to count in their difference in natural resources.
【单选题】
Economically speaking, are we better off than we were ten years ago? Twenty years ago?
In their thirst for evidence on this issue, commentators seized on the recent report by the Census Bureau, which found that average household income rose by 5.2% in 2015. Unfortunately, that conclusion puts too much weight on a useful, but flawed and incomplete, statistic. Among the more significant problems with the Census’s measure are that: 1) it excludes taxes, transfers, and compensation like employer-provided health insurance; and 2) it is based on surveys rather than data. Even if precisely measured, income data exclude important determinants of economic well-being, such as the hours of work needed to earn that income.
While thinking about the question, we came across a recently published article by Charles Jones and Peter Klenow, which proposes an interesting new measure of economic welfare. While by no means perfect, it is considerably more comprehensive than average income, taking into account not only growth in consumption per person but also changes in working time, life expectancy, and inequality. Moreover, it can be used to assess economic performance both across countries and over time.
The Jones-Klenow method can be illustrated by a cross-country example. Suppose we want to compare the economic welfare of citizens of the U.S. and France in 2005.
In 2005, as the authors observe, real consumption per person in France was only 60% as high as the U.S., making it appear that Americans were economically much better off than the French on average. However, that comparison omits other relevant factors: leisure time, life expectancy, and economic inequality. The French take longer vacations and retire earlier, so typically work fewer hours; they enjoy a higher life expectancy, presumably reflecting advantages with respect to health care, diet, lifestyle, and the like; and income and consumption are somewhat more equally distributed there than in the U.S. Because of these differences, comparing France’s consumption with the U.S.’s overstates the gap in economic welfare.
Similar calculations can be used to compare the U.S. and other countries. For example, this calculation puts economic welfare in the United Kingdom at 97% of U.S. levels, but estimates Mexican well-being at 22%.
The Jones-Klenow measure can also assess an economy’s performance over time. According to this measure, as of the early-to-mid-2000s, the U.S. had the highest economic welfare of any large country. Since 2007, economic welfare in the U.S. has continued to improve. However, the pace of improvement has slowed markedly.
Methodologically, the lesson from the Jones-Klenow research is that economic welfare is multi-dimensional. Their approach is flexible enough that in principle other important quality-of-life changes could be incorporated—for example, decreases in total emissions of pollutants and declines in crime rates.
What is an advantage of the Jones-Klenow method?___
A. It can accurately pinpoint a country’s current economic problems.
B. It can help to raise people’s awareness of their economic well-being.
C. It can diagnose the causes of a country’s slowing pace of economic improvement.
D. It can compare a country’s economic conditions between different periods of time.
【单选题】
Economically speaking, are we better off than we were ten years ago? Twenty years ago?
In their thirst for evidence on this issue, commentators seized on the recent report by the Census Bureau, which found that average household income rose by 5.2% in 2015. Unfortunately, that conclusion puts too much weight on a useful, but flawed and incomplete, statistic. Among the more significant problems with the Census’s measure are that: 1) it excludes taxes, transfers, and compensation like employer-provided health insurance; and 2) it is based on surveys rather than data. Even if precisely measured, income data exclude important determinants of economic well-being, such as the hours of work needed to earn that income.
While thinking about the question, we came across a recently published article by Charles Jones and Peter Klenow, which proposes an interesting new measure of economic welfare. While by no means perfect, it is considerably more comprehensive than average income, taking into account not only growth in consumption per person but also changes in working time, life expectancy, and inequality. Moreover, it can be used to assess economic performance both across countries and over time.
The Jones-Klenow method can be illustrated by a cross-country example. Suppose we want to compare the economic welfare of citizens of the U.S. and France in 2005.
In 2005, as the authors observe, real consumption per person in France was only 60% as high as the U.S., making it appear that Americans were economically much better off than the French on average. However, that comparison omits other relevant factors: leisure time, life expectancy, and economic inequality. The French take longer vacations and retire earlier, so typically work fewer hours; they enjoy a higher life expectancy, presumably reflecting advantages with respect to health care, diet, lifestyle, and the like; and income and consumption are somewhat more equally distributed there than in the U.S. Because of these differences, comparing France’s consumption with the U.S.’s overstates the gap in economic welfare.
Similar calculations can be used to compare the U.S. and other countries. For example, this calculation puts economic welfare in the United Kingdom at 97% of U.S. levels, but estimates Mexican well-being at 22%.
The Jones-Klenow measure can also assess an economy’s performance over time. According to this measure, as of the early-to-mid-2000s, the U.S. had the highest economic welfare of any large country. Since 2007, economic welfare in the U.S. has continued to improve. However, the pace of improvement has slowed markedly.
Methodologically, the lesson from the Jones-Klenow research is that economic welfare is multi-dimensional. Their approach is flexible enough that in principle other important quality-of-life changes could be incorporated—for example, decreases in total emissions of pollutants and declines in crime rates.
What can we infer from the passage about American people’s economic well-being?___
A. It is much better than that of their European counterparts.
B. It has been on the decline ever since the turn of the century.
C. It has not improved as much as reported by the Census Bureau.
D. It has not been accurately assessed and reported since mid-2000s.
【单选题】
大学生的成才目标是___。
A. 培养德智体美全面发展的人才
B. 培养德智体美全面发展的社会主义建设者
C. 培养德智体美全面发展的社会主义建设者和接班人
D. 培养专业化、创新化的人才
【单选题】
世界政治格局发展的必然趋势是___。
A. “多极化”
B. 单边主义
C. 两极格局形成
D. 一超独霸