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法约尔认为，管理就是计划、组织、指挥、协调、控制。
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泰罗对科学管理的研究是从差别计件工资制开始的。
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科学管理对人性的假设是“社会人”假设。
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泰罗的科学管理是以工厂管理为对象，以提高工人劳动生产率为目标的。
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管理科学强调应用计量和数学工具来解决管理中存在的问题。
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Y理论是以积极的态度看待工人的，它代表了人际关系学派的假设。
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梅奥通过“霍桑实验”得出职工是“经济人”。
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人际关系学说侧重于人际关系的研究，它研究按人的心理发展规律来激发人的积极性和创造性。
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企业中存在非正式组织是人际关系学说的基本观点之一。
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权变理论认为虽然两种情景不能完全一样，但有可能类似，因此，解决问题的方法可以是相同的。
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管理科学学说的主要目标是应用科学的方法来解决生产和作业管理的问题。
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法约尔的统一领导原则是指组织内每一个人只能服从一个上级并接受他的命令。
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组织的管理活动主要取决于其内部的管理人员及其所有的资源，而与其所处的环境关系不大。
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对于机械制造企业来说，银行无法为企业提供原材料，所以其不属于企业的供应商。
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一般来说，组织的任务环境相对容易采取对策，而对一般环境则较难产生作用。
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组织的规章制度和道德规范都属于组织文化的显性内容。
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组织文化是由相对稳定不变的特征组成的，一旦形成就很难改变。
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在大多数情况下，组织的社会参与和经济绩效之间存在着一种正相关关系。
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在任何特定的组织中，脱离文化的管理活动是不存在的。
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企业通过提高产品质量并做好售后服务工作，也可以改变其一般环境。
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“江山易改，本性难移”说明个体的道德感具有很强的稳定性。所以，组织在招聘新员工时应特别重视个人道德观念的考察，若其与本组织一致，则可录用，反之则不录用。
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组织的工作环境也是组织文化的一种表现。
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组织文化是在组织的长期发展过程中逐步形成的，一旦建立便日趋巩固加强。
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组织环境的复杂多变，使得企业的文化需要保持灵活，以便对环境的变化做出更快的反应。
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外部环境为组织的生存提供了条件，但也限制了组织的生存。
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垄断行业（如铁路）的任务环境的构成成分中不包括竞争者。
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组织文化的内容和力量会对组织员工的伦理行为产生影响。
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组织文化具有强制渗透作用，因而会成为管理人员管理活动的限制因素。
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公司推行战略管理的前提是积极能动地把握客观环境的变化趋势，实现公司的长期生存和不断发展。
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战略计划和战术计划是组织中管理人员的一项重要工作，因而对管理人员提出了相同的素质和能力方面的要求。
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由于指挥得力、措施得当、善于捕捉战机，提前完成了阶段性战略目标，其结果必带来战略的重新修订。
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战略经营单位的特点是有自己的使命，能独立承担实现公司重大战略任务的责任并拥有相应的实施权限。
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公司的规划是其行动的纲领，必须不折不扣地加以贯彻执行。
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程序化决策又称重复性决策，是按原来规定的程序、处理方法和标准去解决管理中经常重复出现的问题。
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后悔值原则决策法选择后悔值最大的方案为最优方案。
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在管理决策中，通常不考虑决策本身的经济性。
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决策过程中的限制性因素就是组织的外部环境。
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按决策问题的可控程度可以分为程序化和非程序化决策两类。
推荐试题
【单选题】
Q2: What is the present situation about Americans’ commuting to work?___
A. More and more Americans spend over an hour getting to work .
B. Over 10 percent of Americans spend less than an hour getting to work .
C. Only New York people spend more than 90 minutes getting to work .
D. Over 10 percent of Americans spend more than 90 minutes getting to work .
【单选题】
Q3: Why does Steven choose to have an extreme commute?___
A. Because gas prices are not high .
B. Because the commute is not tiring .
C. Because he can attend a better school .
D. Because he can have his favorite lifestyle .
【单选题】
Q4: Which of the following is the disadvantage of long commutes?___
A. Traffic jams .
B. Expensive housing .
C. Poorer life quality .
D. A tiring and boring trip .
【单选题】
Q1: What did Katy like about Jason’s last Halloween party?___
A. She liked playing an interesting game .
B. She enjoyed seeing many of her old friends .
C. She enjoyed wearing her Halloween costume .
D. She liked the decorations in Jason's front yard .
【单选题】
Q2: What is the actual reason that Katy doesn’t want to attend Jason’s party?___
A. None of her friends likes Jason .
B. None of Jason's guests is young .
C. She wants to go to Linda's party ..
D. She went to Jason's party last year .
【单选题】
Q3: What is special about Linda’s party?___
A. The party will last four hours .
B. Six people will attend the party .
C. They will have huge bags of candy .
D. They will play a new game called "GuessWho ".
【单选题】
Q4: What will Katy do to solve her problem?___
A. Go to Jason's party .
B. Go to Linda's party .
C. Attend both Jason's and Linda's parties .
D. Celebrate Halloween with her parents .
【单选题】
Q1: What is special about this year’s Black Friday shopping?___
A. Some stores offered bigger holiday discounts .
B. Some stores provided more choices of nightlife.
C. Some stores made efforts to attract young people .
D. Some stores opened much earlier than they used to .
【单选题】
Q2: Why did some stores open at midnight on Thanksgiving night?___
A. To attract young customers .
B. To beat other stores for sale.
C. To let people sleep late the next day .
D. To keep people stay up for the night .
【单选题】
Q3: How many Black Friday shoppers were reported to go to the shops at midnight this year?___
A. 24 percent .
B. 37 percent .
C. 9.5 percent .
D. 23.5 percent .
【单选题】
Q4: What can we learn about the 15-year-old Jenny?___
A. She and her cousins went back home at midnight .
B. She liked the traditional 4 a.m. Black Friday.
C. She preferred midnight shopping to early morning shopping .
D. She and her cousins got up very early to buy discounted items .
【单选题】
Q1: Why did the woman decide to do a triathlon?___
A. Because she did it in college .
B. Because she wanted to be tough .
C. Because her sister did it and liked it .
D. Because her sister said it was good for her .
【单选题】
Q2: When did the man first do a triathlon?___
A. Last year .
B. In college .
C. Last week .
D. In high school .
【单选题】
Q3: How does the man feel about running?___
A. Boring.
B. Scaring .
C. Exciting .
D. Interesting .
【单选题】
Q4: Why doesn’t the woman like swimming in the triathlon?___
A. Because she fears that a big fish might eat her .
B. Because she fears that she would get lost in lakes .
C. Because she doesn't want to scare away small fishes .
D. Because she doesn't like swimming with many people .
【单选题】
Q1: What is the ratio of positive to negative emotions that can make a person happier?___
A. 1:3.
B. 3 :1.
C. 1 :10 .
D. 10 :1.
【单选题】
Q2: What is the most exciting finding about increasing positive emotions?___
A. It improves relationships .
B. It leads to greater success .
C. It helps develop creativity .
D. It contributes to good health .
【单选题】
Q3: What does the speaker say about negative feelings?___
A. People should turn every negative feeling around .
B. Negative feelings can sometimes have positive effects .
C. Negative feelings often cause people to make mistakes .
D. People should never show negative feelings in public places .
【单选题】
Q4: What is the main idea of the passage?___
A. People should learn to manage their emotions .
B. People should be patient with their negative feelings .
C. People should learn to analyze causes of unhappiness .
D. People should identify as many positive feelings as possible .
【单选题】
Q1: What are the man and woman talking about?___
A. Whether nature is magical and kind .
B. Whether nature is powerful and full of risks .
C. Whether Christopher was well prepared for the trip .
D. Whether Christopher's trip to Alaska was worthwhile .
【单选题】
Q2: What can we learn about Christopher?___
A. He made a film about his trip to Alaska .
B. He wrote a story about his trip to Alaska .
C. He died while having an adventure in Alaska .
D. He learned how powerful and risky Alaska was .
【单选题】
Q3: What does the woman think about Christopher taking the trip to Alaska?___
A. He was too foolish .
B. He was really romantic .
C. He had a very kind heart .
D. He had a spirit for trying things .
【单选题】
Q4: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as something that would have saved Christopher’s life?___
A. A gun to hunt .
B. The map of the area .
C. Emergency food supplies .
D.
E. mergency communication equipment .
【单选题】
Q1: What speed can an avalanche reach within five seconds of taking off?___
A. At 8 miles an hour .
B. At 18 miles an hour .
C. At 80 miles an hour .
D. At 88 miles an hour .
【单选题】
Q2: According to the passage, under what circumstances may an avalanche occur?___
A. There are too many layers of snow on the .
B. There is a layer of snow covering an entire area .
C. The top layer of snow slides off the layer below it .
D. The layer of snow below the surface becomes unstable .
【单选题】
Q3: What are skiers advised to do to avoid being caught in an avalanche?___
A. Ski only in the official ski areas .
B. Look for solid snow to walk on .
C. Look out for each other while skiing .
D. Learn to control themselves in an avalanche .
【单选题】
Q4: Why does the ski patrol use explosives?___
A. To dig holes in the snow .
B. To close the area for skiing .
C. To make an avalanche move on purpose .
D. To' check how different layers are holding up .
【单选题】
Q1:What is conversation mainly about?___
A. The woman's happy college life the man's doubt .
B. The woman's spending habits and the man's concerns .
C. The man's reminding the woman of the exam this Thursday .
D. The man's support for the woman over the past 15 years .
【单选题】
Q2:What did the woman do last night?___
A. She bought a new leather coat .
B. She studied very hard for an exam .
C. She treated all her friends to dinner .
D. She went to a concert with her friends .
【单选题】
Q3:Where did the woman get the money?___
A. She just received her student loan .
B. She saved some money for herself .
C. She borrowed the money from her friends .
D. She asked her mom to send her the money .
【单选题】
Q4:What is the man?___
A. A teacher of biology .
B. An undergraduate student .
C. A freshman in biology class .
D. A graduate teaching assistant .
【单选题】
Q1: What is this passage mainly about?___
A. How businesses can compete with each other .
B. How small businesses operate during holidays .
C. How small businesses manage holiday workers .
D. How can earn more money during holidays .
【单选题】
Q2: According to Rubin, what can small companies do to thank holiday workers?___
A. Have talks with their families .
B. Give them good extra benefits .
C. Offer them expensive holiday tokens .
D. Show appreciation to them face to face .
【单选题】
Q3: What can small business owners do to help holiday workers get into the holiday spirit?___
A. Entertain them with big meals .
B. Let them enjoy some holiday games .
C. Give them handmade thank-you cards .
D. Send their families some holiday gift cards .
【单选题】
Q4: Who are supposed to benefit most from this passage?___
A. Workers who have to work during holidays .
B. Employees who intend to earn extra money .
C. Big companies that usually close on holidays .
D. Small businesses that try to be more competitive .
【单选题】
In the first two paragraphs of the passage the writer tries to tell us that___
A. he had lived in Washington D.C. for twenty years
B. he was very imaginative when he was a child
C. he had fond memories of his old neighborhood
D. )he had come from a very poor neighborhood
【单选题】
The writer ,as a child ,was very fond of playing in the basement because ___
A. it was bright and alive
B. it contained a movie house and a space station
C. it was ideal for playing hide-and-seek
D. it was surrounded by trees and flowers
【单选题】
How did the writer feel when he visited his old neighborhood in Washington D.C. ?___
A. Greatly surprised .
B. Very regretful .
C. Quite excited .
D. Very sad .
【单选题】
On his visit to his hometown ,the writer found the old apartment building___
A. see medunfit to live in
B. had been repaired
C. could hardly be recognized
D. looked dirty and smelt horrible
【单选题】
" Youcan never go home again "inthe last sentence of this passage means that___
A. one should never revisit his hometown after many years of absence
B. one will never find his hometown the same as it was in his childhood memory
C. avisit to one's hometown will bring back one's fond memories of home
D. avisit to one's hometown will bring back many sad memorie
