相关试题
【单选题】
过氧乙酸使用的注意事项错误的是___
A. 对金属有腐蚀性
B. 对织物有漂白作用
C. 遇热和光照可氧化分解
D. 高热和光照可引起爆炸
E. 使用前应尽早配置
【单选题】
使用化学消毒剂时,以下方法不正确的是___
A. 碘酊不能用于粘膜消毒
B. 苯扎溴铵不能与肥皂合用
C. 戊二醛可用于浸泡内镜
D. 过氧乙酸可用于浸泡金属器械
E. 40%甲醛溶液可用于空气消毒
【单选题】
配置0.1%苯扎溴铵溶液浸泡金属器械时,为防锈需加入___
A. 0.5%亚硝酸钠
B. 0.5%氢氧化钠
C. 0.5%硝酸钠
D. 3%碳酸钠
E. 4%碳酸氢钠
【单选题】
下列哪项不符合无菌技术操作原则___
A. 环境要清洁
B. 衣帽要整洁
C. 无菌物与非无菌物要分开放置
D. 未经消毒的手和物品不可触及无菌物批品
E. 治疗室应每周紫外线照射一次
【单选题】
消毒是指___
A. 杀死细菌
B. 杀死病毒
C. 杀死芽胞
D. 杀灭病原微生物
E. 杀灭所有的微生物
【单选题】
烧伤面积达到60%的患者,应执行___
A. 血液-体液隔离
B. 保护性隔离
C. 接触隔离
D. 昆虫隔离
E. 消化道隔离
【单选题】
紫外线消毒空气时,若每10m_TagUpStart_2_TagUpEnd_安装紫外线灯管1支,有效距离和消毒时间分别要___
A. <50cm>10分钟
B. <1.0m>20分钟
C. <1.5m>30分钟
D. <2m>30分钟
E. <3m>60分钟
【单选题】
穿隔离衣时,手何时开始被污染___
A. 取隔离衣时
B. 穿隔离衣时
C. 系领扣时
D. 系袖扣时
E. 系腰带时
【单选题】
下列哪一项措施与防止浸润型肺结核传播无关___
A. 接触患者时戴口罩.帽子.穿隔离衣
B. 患者痰液用含氯石灰溶液搅拌静置2小时
C. 病室每天用紫外线照射进行空气消毒
D. 病室设纱门,室内喷洒杀虫药剂
E. 病室通向走廊的窗子须关闭
【单选题】
肾脏移植患者需采取___
A. 呼吸道隔离
B. 消化道隔离
C. 严密隔离
D. 接触隔离
E. 保护性隔离
【单选题】
无菌区的定义是___
A. 放置无菌物品的区域
B. 经过灭菌处理的区域
C. 未经灭菌处理的区域
D. 灭菌处理后被污染的区域
E. 经过灭菌处理而未被污染的区域
【单选题】
痢疾应采取的隔离方法是___
A. 呼吸道隔离
B. 消化道隔离
C. 血液-体液隔离
D. 接触隔离
E. 昆虫隔离
【单选题】
以下不属于消毒手的指征的是___
A. 护理免疫力低下患者前
B. 实施侵入性医疗操作后
C. 接触粘膜.血液.体液后
D. 护理传染病患者后
E. 护理新生儿前
【单选题】
取用无菌溶液时,正确的方法是___
A. 打开瓶盖后,应立即倒入无菌容器中
B. 打开瓶盖后,应先冲洗瓶口,再倒入无菌容器中
C. 可直接在瓶中蘸取
D. 可用敷料堵住瓶口,使溶液缓慢流出
E. 倒出后未使用及时倒回瓶中
【单选题】
取放无菌持物钳的正确方法是___
A. 钳端平行
B. 钳端向上闭合
C. 钳端向下闭合
D. 钳端向上张开
E. 钳端向下张开
【单选题】
下列哪项使用隔离衣的方法是错误的___
A. 衣领保持清洁
B. 不可有破损
C. 长度超过工作服
D. 一般每周更换一次
E. 脱下后将污染面朝内挂在更衣室
【单选题】
鼻饲管煮沸消毒时,下列哪一项做法不妥___
A. 先将鼻饲管清洗干净
B. 用纱布包裹好
C. 放入沸水中煮沸
D. 导管应全部浸没在水中
E. 从放入开始计时
【单选题】
下列哪种灭菌法具有简单.迅速.彻底的特点___
A. 煮沸法
B. 燃烧法
C. 紫外线照射
D. 高压蒸汽灭菌法
E. 环氧乙烷灭菌法
【单选题】
关于医院内感染特征的正确说法是___
A. 出院后发病的患者不属于医院内感染的范畴
B. 一定是在患者住院期间发病的感染
C. 感染和发病应同时发生
D. 住院患者是医院感染的主要对象
E. 只要在住院期间发生的感染就属于医院内感染
【单选题】
使用化学消毒剂时,下列哪一项是错误的___
A. 严格掌握消毒剂的有效浓度和时间
B. 浸泡前将物品洗净擦干
C. 物品要全部浸没在消毒液内,并打开轴节
D. 消毒液容器要每月消毒一次
E. 使用前需用生理盐水冲净,以免刺激组织
【单选题】
传染病区内正确使用隔离衣的方法下列哪一点是错误的___
A. 半污染区,清洁面朝外
B. 污染区,清洁面朝内
C. 送消毒时,清洁面朝外
D. 先扣领扣,再扣袖扣
E. 消毒双手后再解袖扣
【单选题】
下列哪一项不需要无菌操作 ___
A. 核对床号.姓名
B. 抽取药物
C. 消毒皮肤
D. 进针抽回血
E. 注射毕拔针
【单选题】
取用避污纸的方法正确的是 ___
A. 由护士长发给
B. 经他人传递
C. 一般在病室内准备
D. 从页面抓取
E. 掀页撕取
【单选题】
下列哪项不是一般消毒隔离原则___
A. 隔离单位要有隔离标记
B. 入隔离单位要戴口罩.帽子.穿隔离衣
C. 入院后不可离开病房
D. 患者单位的物品必须严格消毒
E. 病床.床旁桌.椅每天要消毒
【单选题】
斑疹伤寒的皮疹常初见于___
A. 颈部
B. 腋下
C. 耳后.发际
D. 上腹部
E. 躯干侧面.腋下和上肢屈侧
【单选题】
哪项是钩虫病伴重度贫血者的驱虫原则___
A. 先驱虫再输血
B. 先输血再驱虫
C. 边驱虫边输血
D. 先输液再驱虫
E. 其余选项均不是
【单选题】
生活史过程中需要两个中间宿主的绦虫是___
A. 猪带绦虫
B. 牛带绦虫
C. 细粒棘球绦虫
D. 多房棘球绦虫
E. 曼氏迭宫绦虫
【单选题】
传染病最常见的感染过程为 ___
A. 隐性感染
B. 显性感染
C. 病毒携带状态
D. 潜伏性感染
E. 病原体被清除
【单选题】
流行性斑疹伤寒和地方性斑疹伤寒的病原学特征下列错误的是___
A. 两者形态及染色特征相似
B. 呈球杆状
C. 革兰染色呈阳性
D. 姬姆萨染色呈紫色
E. 对紫外线和一般消毒剂均很敏感
【单选题】
乙型肝炎患者血清中检出抗-HBs的临床意义是___
A. 免疫耐受,病情迁延不愈
B. 获得免疫,疾病已治愈
C. 仍有传染性,需继续隔离
D. 肝炎病毒在体内复制
E. 血清中可同时检出HBsAg
【单选题】
慢性病毒性肝炎病程大约是 ___
A. 3个月以上
B. 半年以上
C. 1年以上
D. 2年以上
E. 3年以上
【单选题】
对恙虫病最具特征性体征是 ___
A. 发热
B. 皮疹
C. 焦痂
D. 淋巴结肿大
E. 脾肿大
【单选题】
重型肝炎患者,伴有腹水,3天来发热.腹泻及腹痛,全腹有压痛及反跳痛,腹腔内抽出黄色微混浊液体。指导合理治疗应尽快做的检查是___
A. 血培养
B. 腹水培养
C. 腹部平片
D. 腹水常规及腹水沉渣涂片找细菌
E. 腹部B超扫描
【单选题】
男,32岁,两天来发热,腹泻,大便黄色水样,少许黏液,每天10多次,伴轻度腹痛及里急后重感。查体:T39℃。Bp90/60mmHg,轻度脱水。血WBC16.2×10_TagUpStart_9_TagUpEnd_/L。便常规:黄色黏液便。镜检:RBC2~4个/高倍视野,WBC20~25个/高倍视野。护士应考虑哪项诊断给予分诊 ___
A. 急性肠炎
B. 溃疡性结肠炎
C. 食物中毒
D. 细菌性痢疾
E. 阿米巴痢疾
【单选题】
流脑病变部位主要是___
A. 硬脑膜
B. 软脑膜及蛛网膜
C. 大脑皮质
D. 中脑
E. 脊髓
【单选题】
患者,男,40岁,发热腰痛5天,无尿2天入院。目前患者烦躁不安,眼睑水肿,体表静脉充盈,心率130次/分,血压170/100mmHg,解柏油样大便,量中等,此患者的治疗哪项最有效___
A. 积极补液
B. 用止血剂
C. 青霉素加庆大霉素
D. 血液透析
E. 硫酸镁导泻
【单选题】
隐性感染增加的主要临床意义为 ___
A. 显性感染者增加
B. 轻症患者增多
C. 免疫人群扩大
D. 病原携带状态者增加
E. 潜在性感染者增加
【单选题】
哪项是猪带绦虫对人体的危害性比牛带绦虫严重的主要原因___
A. 吸收大量的营养
B. 虫体代谢产物的毒害作用
C. 囊尾蚴寄生所造成的损害
D. 六钩蚴穿过组织时的破坏作用
E. 头节小钩对肠壁的损伤作用
【单选题】
人体抵抗再感染的主要原因为 ___
A. 注射疫苗
B. 增强体质
C. 预防用药
D. 非特异性免疫功能
E. 特异性免疫功能
【单选题】
关于流行性出血热的流行病学正确的是___
A. 传染源主要是猪和黑线姬鼠
B. 传染途径仅为虫媒接触和消化道传播
C. 疫区中流行特点为自然疫源性散发性.边缘性和暴发性
D. 本病的预防关键是灭鼠和疫苗注射
E. 伴有肾病综合征的出血热是我国最常见的类型
推荐试题
【单选题】
“割下来的手就不再是人手”这句话体现了___
A. 形而上学片面的、孤立的观点
B. 辩证法普遍联系的观点
C. 唯心主义的观点
D. 诡辩论的观点
【单选题】
唯物辩证法认为发展的实质是___
A. 事物数量的增加
B. 事物根本性质的变化
C. 事物的一切运动变化
D. 新事物的产生和旧事物的灭亡
【单选题】
区分新事物和旧事物的标志在于看它们___
A. 是不是在新的历史条件下出现的
B. 是不是符合事物发展规律、有强大生命力
C. 是不是具有新形式和新特点
D. 是不是得到绝大多数人的承认
【单选题】
质量互变规律揭示了___
A. 事物发展的动力和源泉
B. 事物发展的状态和过程
C. 事物发展的方向和道路
D. 事物发展的两种趋势
【单选题】
质和事物的存在是___
A. 相互对立的
B. 相互包含的
C. 直接同一的
D. 相互转化的
【单选题】
在实际工作中,要注意掌握分寸,防止“过”或“不及”,其关键在于___
A. 抓住事物的主要矛盾
B. 确定事物的质
C. 认识事物的量
D. 把握事物的度
【单选题】
区分量变和质变的根本标志是看___
A. 事物的变化是否显著
B. 事物的变化是否迅速
C. 事物的某些属性是否发生了变化
D. 事物的变化是否超出度的范围
【单选题】
量变的复杂性是指___
A. 量变的程度发展不同
B. 量变形式的多样性和总的量变过程中有部分质变
C. 质变中有量的扩张
D. 量变有在度的范围内的变化和突破度的范围的变化
【单选题】
量变中的阶段性部分质变表现了___
A. 事物内部各部分之间变化的不平衡性
B. 事物整体与某些构成部分之间变化的不平衡性
C. 事物与事物之间变化的不平衡性
D. 事物的本质属性与非本质属性之间变化的不平衡性
【单选题】
量变中的局部性部分质变是___
A. 事物的本质属性与非本质属性之间变化不平衡性的表现
B. 事物的各个部分之间变化不平衡性的表现
C. 事物的内部矛盾和外部条件变化不平衡性的表现
D. 事物的量和质变化不平衡性的表现
【单选题】
揭示事物发展的趋势和道路的规律是___
A. 对立统一规律
B. 质量互变规律
C. 否定之否定规律
D. 联系和发展规律
【单选题】
“肯定和否定相互渗透,在一定意义上,肯定就是否定。”这是一种___
A. 相对主义诡辩论的观点
B. 唯物辩证法的观点
C. 主观唯心主义的观点
D. 形而上学的观点
【单选题】
事物的否定方面是指___
A. 事物的积极方面
B. 事物的消极方面
C. 事物中维持其存在的方面
D. 事物中促使其灭亡的方面
【单选题】
作为辩证的否定的“扬弃”是___
A. 既保留又继承
B. 彻底抛弃
C. 既克服又保留
D. 矛盾的调和
【单选题】
辩证的否定是事物发展的环节,因为辩证的否定___
A. 把旧事物完全抛弃
B. 使旧事物发生量变
C. 是新事物产生、旧事物灭亡
D. 是从外部强加给事物的
【单选题】
否定之否定规律___
A. 在事物完成一个发展周期时才能完整地表现出来
B. 在事物发展过程中任何一点上都可以表现出来
C. 在事物经过量变和质变两种状态后表现出来
D. 在事物发展过程中经过肯定和否定两个阶段表现出来
【单选题】
事物发展的周期性体现了___
A. 事物发展的直线性与曲折性的统一
B. 事物发展是一个不断地回到出发点的运动
C. 事物发展的周而复始的循环性
D. 事物发展的前进性和曲折性的统一
【单选题】
直线论的错误在于只看到___
A. 事物发展的周期性而否认了前进性
B. 事物发展的前进性而否认了曲折性
C. 事物发展的间接性而否认了连续性
D. 事物发展的曲折性而否认了周期性
【单选题】
循环论的错误在于___
A. 只看到事物发展的普遍性,没有看到事物发展过程的特殊性
B. 只看到事物的绝对运动,没有看到事物的相对静止
C. 只看到事物发展道路的曲折性,没有看到事物发展趋势的前进性
D. 只看到新旧事物之间的连续性,没有看到新旧事物之间的间断性
【单选题】
对立统一规律揭示了___
A. 事物发展的动力和源泉
B. 事物发展的状态和过程
C. 事物发展的方向和道路
D. 事物发展的两种趋向
【单选题】
唯物辩证法的实质和核心是___
A. 对立统一规律
B. 质量互变规律
C. 否定之否定规律
D. 联系和发展的规律
【单选题】
辩证法所说的矛盾是指___
A. 人们思维中的前后不一的自相矛盾
B. 事物之间或事物内部各要素之间的对立统一
C. 对立面之间的相互排斥
D. 事物之间或事物内部各要素之间的相互依赖
【单选题】
矛盾的基本属性是___
A. 普遍性和特殊性
B. 绝对性和相对性
C. 变动性和稳定性
D. 斗争性和同一性
【单选题】
依据是___
A. 矛盾的同一性和斗争性辩证关系的原理
B. 矛盾的普遍性和特殊性辩证关系的原理
C. 事物发展的量变和质变辩证关系的原理
D. 事物发展的内因和外因辩证关系的原理
【单选题】
矛盾问题的精髓是___
A. 矛盾的普遍性和特殊性关系的问题
B. 矛盾的同一性和斗争性关系的问题
C. 主要矛盾和次要矛盾关系的问题
D. 矛盾的主要方面和次要方面关系的问题
【单选题】
题的方法都是___
A. 重点论
B. 均衡论
C. 一点论
D. 两点论
【单选题】
“任何个别(无论怎样)都是一般”。这句话的正确含义是___
A. 特殊性就是普遍性
B. 特殊性存在于普遍性之中
C. 普遍性是特殊性的总和
D. 特殊性中包含普遍性
【单选题】
在唯物辩证法看来,水果同苹果、梨、香蕉、桔子等的关系是___
A. 共性和个性的关系
B. 整体和部分的关系
C. 本质和现象的关系
D. 内容和形式的关系
【单选题】
“是就是是,不是就是不是,除此之外都是鬼话。”这是一种___
A. 形而上学的观点
B. 相对主义的观点
C. 唯心主义的观点
D. 辩证法的观点
【单选题】
真象和假象的区别在于___
A. 真象是客观的,假象是主观的
B. 真象表现本质,假象不表现本质
C. 真象深藏于事物内部,假象外露于事物外部
D. 真象从正面直接地表现本质,假象从反面歪曲地表现本质
【单选题】
有的哲学家说,在大风扬起的尘土中,每一粒尘土的运动状况都是纯粹必然的。这是种___
A. 辩证唯物主义决定论的观点
B. 形而上学的机械决定论的观点
C. 唯心主义非决定论的观点
D. 庸俗唯物主义的观点
【单选题】
“或然率”是指___
A. 可能性在质上的一种科学说明和测定
B. 可能性在量上的一种科学说明和测定
C. 必然性的一种科学说明和判定
D. 偶然性的一种科学说明和测定
【单选题】
Economically speaking, are we better off than we were ten years ago? Twenty years ago?
In their thirst for evidence on this issue, commentators seized on the recent report by the Census Bureau, which found that average household income rose by 5.2% in 2015. Unfortunately, that conclusion puts too much weight on a useful, but flawed and incomplete, statistic. Among the more significant problems with the Census’s measure are that: 1) it excludes taxes, transfers, and compensation like employer-provided health insurance; and 2) it is based on surveys rather than data. Even if precisely measured, income data exclude important determinants of economic well-being, such as the hours of work needed to earn that income.
While thinking about the question, we came across a recently published article by Charles Jones and Peter Klenow, which proposes an interesting new measure of economic welfare. While by no means perfect, it is considerably more comprehensive than average income, taking into account not only growth in consumption per person but also changes in working time, life expectancy, and inequality. Moreover, it can be used to assess economic performance both across countries and over time.
The Jones-Klenow method can be illustrated by a cross-country example. Suppose we want to compare the economic welfare of citizens of the U.S. and France in 2005.
In 2005, as the authors observe, real consumption per person in France was only 60% as high as the U.S., making it appear that Americans were economically much better off than the French on average. However, that comparison omits other relevant factors: leisure time, life expectancy, and economic inequality. The French take longer vacations and retire earlier, so typically work fewer hours; they enjoy a higher life expectancy, presumably reflecting advantages with respect to health care, diet, lifestyle, and the like; and income and consumption are somewhat more equally distributed there than in the U.S. Because of these differences, comparing France’s consumption with the U.S.’s overstates the gap in economic welfare.
Similar calculations can be used to compare the U.S. and other countries. For example, this calculation puts economic welfare in the United Kingdom at 97% of U.S. levels, but estimates Mexican well-being at 22%.
The Jones-Klenow measure can also assess an economy’s performance over time. According to this measure, as of the early-to-mid-2000s, the U.S. had the highest economic welfare of any large country. Since 2007, economic welfare in the U.S. has continued to improve. However, the pace of improvement has slowed markedly.
Methodologically, the lesson from the Jones-Klenow research is that economic welfare is multi-dimensional. Their approach is flexible enough that in principle other important quality-of-life changes could be incorporated—for example, decreases in total emissions of pollutants and declines in crime rates.
What does the author think of the 2015 report by the Census Bureau?___
A. It is based on questionable statistics.
B. It reflects the economic changes.
C. It evidences the improved welfare.
D. It provides much food for thought.
【单选题】
Economically speaking, are we better off than we were ten years ago? Twenty years ago?
In their thirst for evidence on this issue, commentators seized on the recent report by the Census Bureau, which found that average household income rose by 5.2% in 2015. Unfortunately, that conclusion puts too much weight on a useful, but flawed and incomplete, statistic. Among the more significant problems with the Census’s measure are that: 1) it excludes taxes, transfers, and compensation like employer-provided health insurance; and 2) it is based on surveys rather than data. Even if precisely measured, income data exclude important determinants of economic well-being, such as the hours of work needed to earn that income.
While thinking about the question, we came across a recently published article by Charles Jones and Peter Klenow, which proposes an interesting new measure of economic welfare. While by no means perfect, it is considerably more comprehensive than average income, taking into account not only growth in consumption per person but also changes in working time, life expectancy, and inequality. Moreover, it can be used to assess economic performance both across countries and over time.
The Jones-Klenow method can be illustrated by a cross-country example. Suppose we want to compare the economic welfare of citizens of the U.S. and France in 2005.
In 2005, as the authors observe, real consumption per person in France was only 60% as high as the U.S., making it appear that Americans were economically much better off than the French on average. However, that comparison omits other relevant factors: leisure time, life expectancy, and economic inequality. The French take longer vacations and retire earlier, so typically work fewer hours; they enjoy a higher life expectancy, presumably reflecting advantages with respect to health care, diet, lifestyle, and the like; and income and consumption are somewhat more equally distributed there than in the U.S. Because of these differences, comparing France’s consumption with the U.S.’s overstates the gap in economic welfare.
Similar calculations can be used to compare the U.S. and other countries. For example, this calculation puts economic welfare in the United Kingdom at 97% of U.S. levels, but estimates Mexican well-being at 22%.
The Jones-Klenow measure can also assess an economy’s performance over time. According to this measure, as of the early-to-mid-2000s, the U.S. had the highest economic welfare of any large country. Since 2007, economic welfare in the U.S. has continued to improve. However, the pace of improvement has slowed markedly.
Methodologically, the lesson from the Jones-Klenow research is that economic welfare is multi-dimensional. Their approach is flexible enough that in principle other important quality-of-life changes could be incorporated—for example, decreases in total emissions of pollutants and declines in crime rates.
What does the author say about the Jones-Klenow method?___
A. It is widely used to compare the economic growth across countries.
B. It revolutionizes the way of measuring ordinary people’s livelihood.
C. It focuses on people’s consumption rather that their average income.
D. It is a more comprehensive measure of people’s economic well-being.
【单选题】
Economically speaking, are we better off than we were ten years ago? Twenty years ago?
In their thirst for evidence on this issue, commentators seized on the recent report by the Census Bureau, which found that average household income rose by 5.2% in 2015. Unfortunately, that conclusion puts too much weight on a useful, but flawed and incomplete, statistic. Among the more significant problems with the Census’s measure are that: 1) it excludes taxes, transfers, and compensation like employer-provided health insurance; and 2) it is based on surveys rather than data. Even if precisely measured, income data exclude important determinants of economic well-being, such as the hours of work needed to earn that income.
While thinking about the question, we came across a recently published article by Charles Jones and Peter Klenow, which proposes an interesting new measure of economic welfare. While by no means perfect, it is considerably more comprehensive than average income, taking into account not only growth in consumption per person but also changes in working time, life expectancy, and inequality. Moreover, it can be used to assess economic performance both across countries and over time.
The Jones-Klenow method can be illustrated by a cross-country example. Suppose we want to compare the economic welfare of citizens of the U.S. and France in 2005.
In 2005, as the authors observe, real consumption per person in France was only 60% as high as the U.S., making it appear that Americans were economically much better off than the French on average. However, that comparison omits other relevant factors: leisure time, life expectancy, and economic inequality. The French take longer vacations and retire earlier, so typically work fewer hours; they enjoy a higher life expectancy, presumably reflecting advantages with respect to health care, diet, lifestyle, and the like; and income and consumption are somewhat more equally distributed there than in the U.S. Because of these differences, comparing France’s consumption with the U.S.’s overstates the gap in economic welfare.
Similar calculations can be used to compare the U.S. and other countries. For example, this calculation puts economic welfare in the United Kingdom at 97% of U.S. levels, but estimates Mexican well-being at 22%.
The Jones-Klenow measure can also assess an economy’s performance over time. According to this measure, as of the early-to-mid-2000s, the U.S. had the highest economic welfare of any large country. Since 2007, economic welfare in the U.S. has continued to improve. However, the pace of improvement has slowed markedly.
Methodologically, the lesson from the Jones-Klenow research is that economic welfare is multi-dimensional. Their approach is flexible enough that in principle other important quality-of-life changes could be incorporated—for example, decreases in total emissions of pollutants and declines in crime rates.
What do Jones and Klenow think of the comparison between France and the U.S. in terms of real consumption per person?___
A. It reflected the existing big gap between the two economies.
B. It neglected many important indicators of people’s welfare.
C. It covered up the differences between individual citizens.
D. It failed to count in their difference in natural resources.
【单选题】
Economically speaking, are we better off than we were ten years ago? Twenty years ago?
In their thirst for evidence on this issue, commentators seized on the recent report by the Census Bureau, which found that average household income rose by 5.2% in 2015. Unfortunately, that conclusion puts too much weight on a useful, but flawed and incomplete, statistic. Among the more significant problems with the Census’s measure are that: 1) it excludes taxes, transfers, and compensation like employer-provided health insurance; and 2) it is based on surveys rather than data. Even if precisely measured, income data exclude important determinants of economic well-being, such as the hours of work needed to earn that income.
While thinking about the question, we came across a recently published article by Charles Jones and Peter Klenow, which proposes an interesting new measure of economic welfare. While by no means perfect, it is considerably more comprehensive than average income, taking into account not only growth in consumption per person but also changes in working time, life expectancy, and inequality. Moreover, it can be used to assess economic performance both across countries and over time.
The Jones-Klenow method can be illustrated by a cross-country example. Suppose we want to compare the economic welfare of citizens of the U.S. and France in 2005.
In 2005, as the authors observe, real consumption per person in France was only 60% as high as the U.S., making it appear that Americans were economically much better off than the French on average. However, that comparison omits other relevant factors: leisure time, life expectancy, and economic inequality. The French take longer vacations and retire earlier, so typically work fewer hours; they enjoy a higher life expectancy, presumably reflecting advantages with respect to health care, diet, lifestyle, and the like; and income and consumption are somewhat more equally distributed there than in the U.S. Because of these differences, comparing France’s consumption with the U.S.’s overstates the gap in economic welfare.
Similar calculations can be used to compare the U.S. and other countries. For example, this calculation puts economic welfare in the United Kingdom at 97% of U.S. levels, but estimates Mexican well-being at 22%.
The Jones-Klenow measure can also assess an economy’s performance over time. According to this measure, as of the early-to-mid-2000s, the U.S. had the highest economic welfare of any large country. Since 2007, economic welfare in the U.S. has continued to improve. However, the pace of improvement has slowed markedly.
Methodologically, the lesson from the Jones-Klenow research is that economic welfare is multi-dimensional. Their approach is flexible enough that in principle other important quality-of-life changes could be incorporated—for example, decreases in total emissions of pollutants and declines in crime rates.
What is an advantage of the Jones-Klenow method?___
A. It can accurately pinpoint a country’s current economic problems.
B. It can help to raise people’s awareness of their economic well-being.
C. It can diagnose the causes of a country’s slowing pace of economic improvement.
D. It can compare a country’s economic conditions between different periods of time.
【单选题】
Economically speaking, are we better off than we were ten years ago? Twenty years ago?
In their thirst for evidence on this issue, commentators seized on the recent report by the Census Bureau, which found that average household income rose by 5.2% in 2015. Unfortunately, that conclusion puts too much weight on a useful, but flawed and incomplete, statistic. Among the more significant problems with the Census’s measure are that: 1) it excludes taxes, transfers, and compensation like employer-provided health insurance; and 2) it is based on surveys rather than data. Even if precisely measured, income data exclude important determinants of economic well-being, such as the hours of work needed to earn that income.
While thinking about the question, we came across a recently published article by Charles Jones and Peter Klenow, which proposes an interesting new measure of economic welfare. While by no means perfect, it is considerably more comprehensive than average income, taking into account not only growth in consumption per person but also changes in working time, life expectancy, and inequality. Moreover, it can be used to assess economic performance both across countries and over time.
The Jones-Klenow method can be illustrated by a cross-country example. Suppose we want to compare the economic welfare of citizens of the U.S. and France in 2005.
In 2005, as the authors observe, real consumption per person in France was only 60% as high as the U.S., making it appear that Americans were economically much better off than the French on average. However, that comparison omits other relevant factors: leisure time, life expectancy, and economic inequality. The French take longer vacations and retire earlier, so typically work fewer hours; they enjoy a higher life expectancy, presumably reflecting advantages with respect to health care, diet, lifestyle, and the like; and income and consumption are somewhat more equally distributed there than in the U.S. Because of these differences, comparing France’s consumption with the U.S.’s overstates the gap in economic welfare.
Similar calculations can be used to compare the U.S. and other countries. For example, this calculation puts economic welfare in the United Kingdom at 97% of U.S. levels, but estimates Mexican well-being at 22%.
The Jones-Klenow measure can also assess an economy’s performance over time. According to this measure, as of the early-to-mid-2000s, the U.S. had the highest economic welfare of any large country. Since 2007, economic welfare in the U.S. has continued to improve. However, the pace of improvement has slowed markedly.
Methodologically, the lesson from the Jones-Klenow research is that economic welfare is multi-dimensional. Their approach is flexible enough that in principle other important quality-of-life changes could be incorporated—for example, decreases in total emissions of pollutants and declines in crime rates.
What can we infer from the passage about American people’s economic well-being?___
A. It is much better than that of their European counterparts.
B. It has been on the decline ever since the turn of the century.
C. It has not improved as much as reported by the Census Bureau.
D. It has not been accurately assessed and reported since mid-2000s.
【单选题】
大学生的成才目标是___。
A. 培养德智体美全面发展的人才
B. 培养德智体美全面发展的社会主义建设者
C. 培养德智体美全面发展的社会主义建设者和接班人
D. 培养专业化、创新化的人才