【简答题】
Again, the Russian army retreated to safety. Napoleon had a clear path to Moscow, but the occupation of the city became an empty victory. The Russians fled their capital. Soon after the French arrived, a raging fire destroyed two-thirds of the city. Napoleon offered a truce to Alexander I, but the Russian czar knew he could bide his time: "We shall let the Russian winter fight the war for us."
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俄国军队再次撤往安全之处。拿破仑顺利进入莫斯科，然而，对该市的占领成为毫无意义的胜利。俄国人弃城而走。法国人进城不久，一场熊熊大火烧毁了整个城市的三分之二。拿破仑向亚历山大一世提出停战，但沙皇深知他可以等待时机：“且让俄罗斯的严冬为我们战斗吧。”
相关试题
【简答题】
Napoleon soon realized he could not feed, clothe, and quarter his army in Moscow during the winter. In October 1812, he ordered his Grand Army to retreat from Moscow.
【简答题】
The French retreat turned into a nightmare. From fields and forests, the Russians launched hit-and-run attacks on the French. A short distance from Moscow, the temperature had already dropped to minus 4 degrees Celsius. On November 3, the winter's first snow came. Exhausted horses fell dead in their tracks. Cannon became stuck in the snow. Equipment had to be burned for fuel. Soldiers took ill and froze to death. The French soldiers dragged on, leaving the dead along every mile.
【简答题】
As the Russian army was gathering its strength, the French had to flee Russia to avoid certain defeat. At the Berezina River, the Russians nearly trapped the retreating French by burning the bridges over the swollen river. But Napoleon, by a stroke of luck, was able to build two new bridges. Thousands of French soldiers escaped, but at the cost of fifty thousand dead. Once across the Berezina, the tattered survivors limped toward Vilna.
【简答题】
Of the six hundred thousand soldiers Napoleon had led into Russia, less than one hundred thousand came back. The weakened French army continued its retreat westward across Europe. Soon, Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia formed a powerful alliance and attacked these stragglers. In March 1814, Paris was captured. Napoleon abdicated and went into exile, his empire at an end.
【简答题】
By early 1941, Adolf Hitler, leader of Nazi Germany, had seized control of most of Europe. To the east of Hitler's German empire was the Soviet Union. On June 22, 1941, without a declaration of war, Hitler began an invasion of the Soviet Union that was the largest military land campaign in history. Confident of a quick victory, Hitler expected the campaign to last no longer than three months. He planned to use the blitzkrieg, or "lightning war," tactics that had defeated the rest of Europe. The invasion had three broad thrusts: against Leningrad and Moscow and through the Ukraine.
【简答题】
Caught off guard by the invasion, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin instructed the Russian people to "scorch the earth" in front of the German invaders. Farms and factories were burned, destroyed, or rendered useless. During the first ten weeks of the invasion, the Germans pushed the front eastward, and the Russians suffered more than a million casualties.
【简答题】
In the north, the Germans closed in on Leningrad. Despite great suffering, however, the people of Leningrad refused to surrender. As the battle of Leningrad dragged on into winter, the city's situation became desperate. As food ran out, people died from hunger and disease. By the middle of the winter of 1941-1942, nearly four thousand people starved to death every day. Close to one million people died as a result of the siege.
【简答题】
In the center of Russia, Hitler's goal was the capture of Moscow. Because the Germans had anticipated a quick victory, they had made no plans for winter supplies. October arrived with heavy rains. "General Mud" slowed down the movement of the Germans' lightning attack.
【简答题】
As Hitler's armies drew closer and closer to Moscow, an early, severe winter settled over the Soviet Union, the harshest in years. Temperatures dropped to minus 48 degrees Celsius. Heavy snows fell. The German soldiers, completely unprepared for the Russian winter, froze in their light summer uniforms. The German tanks lay buried in the heavy snowbanks. The Russian winter brought the German offensive to a halt.
【简答题】
By the summer of 1942, Hitler had launched two new offensives. In the south, the Germans captured Sevastopol. Hitler then pushed east to Stalingrad, a great industrial city that stretched for 48 kilometers along the Volga River. Despite great suffering, Soviet defenders refused to give up Stalingrad.
【简答题】
In November 1942, the Russians launched a counterattack. With little or no shelter from the winter cold in and around Stalingrad, German troops were further weakened by a lack of food and supplies. Not until January 1943 did the Germans give up their siege. Of the three hundred thousand Germans attacking Stalingrad, only ninety thousand starving soldiers were left. The loss of the battle for Stalingrad finally turned the tide against Hitler. The German victories were over, thanks in part to the Russian winter.
【简答题】
During 1943 and 1944, the Soviet armies pushed the German front back toward the west. In the north, the Red Army broke the three-year siege of Leningrad with a surprise attack on January 15, 1944. Within two weeks, the heroic survivors of Leningrad saw their invaders depart. By March 1944, the Ukraine farming region was again in Soviet hands. On May 9, 1944, Sevastopol was liberated from the Germans. The Russians were now heading for Berlin.
【简答题】
For Hitler, the invasion of the Soviet Union had turned into a military disaster. For the Russian people, it brought unspeakable suffering. The total Soviet dead in World War II reached almost 23 million.
【简答题】
The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign. Napoleon and Hitler both underestimated the severity of the Russian winter. Snow, ice, and freezing temperatures took their toll on both invading armies. For the Russian people, the winter was an icy defender.
【单选题】
________不属于鼠类及体表寄生虫携带的病原体。___
A. 鼠疫耶尔森菌
B. 汉坦病毒
C. 黄病毒属病毒
D. 致病性钩端螺旋体
【单选题】
病媒生物死体样本运送，如果在24h内不能到达实验室的，运送过程中箱内温度应保持在_____。___
A. 4℃以下
B. 0℃以下
C. -20℃以下
D. 4℃以上
【单选题】
病媒生物死体样本运送，如果在装箱后4h内能够到达实验室的，运送过程中箱内温度应保持在______。___
A. 4℃以下
B. 0℃以下
C. -20℃以下
D. 4℃以上
【单选题】
病媒生物的死体样本运送，如果4h-24h内能到达实验室的，应将样品置于-30℃冷冻后再送样，运送过程中箱内温度应保持在________。___
A. 4℃以下
B. 0℃以下
C. -20℃以下
D. 4℃以上
【单选题】
恰加斯病也称为美洲锥虫病，其重要的传播媒介是________。___
A. 采采蝇
B. 厩螫蝇
C. 锥蝽
D. 埃及伊蚊
【单选题】
_______是黑热病内脏利什曼病的主要传播媒介。___
【单选题】
对于用作虫媒病毒分离或检测的蚊类标本，现场采集后应采用_______方式处置和运送。___
A. 杀虫剂熏杀+常温运输
B. 等蚊虫自然死亡+常温运输
C. 冷冻处死+常温运输
D. 冷冻处死+冷冻状态运输
【单选题】
_______不适用于入出境集装箱携带蝇、蚊、蠓的采集。___
A. 挥网法
B. 电动吸蚊器法
C. 直接捡取法
D. 二氧化碳诱蚊灯法
【单选题】
入境航空器应在______开始病媒生物监测。___
A. 卸货完成后
B. 抵达后
C. 等航空公司通知
D. 发现病媒生物时
【单选题】
进行集装箱携带输入性病媒生物监测时应准备的个人防护用品包括______。___
A. 乳胶手套、防护服
B. 防毒面具
C. 自给式呼吸器
D. 化学防护服
【单选题】
若要对采集到的输入性鼠类进行携带的病毒进行检测，取得其内脏器官的保存温度是_____。___
A. -80℃或以下
B. 0℃
C. 常温
D. 4℃-8℃
【单选题】
截获输入性活鼠或来自鼠疫流行区死鼠及经总署专家组确认和复核属于全国口岸首次截获的病媒生物应在______报告总署。___
A. 2小时之内
B. 8小时之内
C. 12小时之内
D. 24小时之内
【单选题】
入境船舶的蚊类和蝇类等双翅目病媒生物监测调查应白天在检疫锚地停泊期间进行，锚位距陆地距离不少于______，或在船舶靠泊后_____内进行。___
A. 1000 m；1h
B. 800 m、2 h
C. 400 m、4 h
D. 100 m、24 h
【单选题】
开展入境船舶输入性病媒生物监测工作中，在采集并保存病媒生物时由________陪同人员确认。___
A. 旅行社
B. 船方
C. 代理公司
D. 海事部门
【单选题】
在国境口岸或者交通工具上发现______有反常死亡或者死因不明的，国境口岸有关单位或者交通工具的负责人，必须立即向卫生检疫机关报告，迅速查明原因，实施卫生处理。___
【单选题】
采用鼠夹法监测鼠密度，应连续布放______。___
【单选题】
______不属于口岸区域鼠类常用监测方法。___
A. 鼠笼法
B. 鼠夹法
C. 目测法
D. 粉迹法
【单选题】
采用粉迹法监测鼠类密度时，滑石粉块的尺寸是______。___
A. 20cm×20cm
B. 30cm×30cm
C. 40cm×40cm
D. 50cm×50cm
【单选题】
______不属于蚊虫幼虫监测指标。___
A. 容器指数
B. 刺叮指数
C. 房屋指数
D. 布雷图指数
【单选题】
______不属于蚊虫成虫监测方法。___
A. 人帐诱法
B. 人工小时法
C. 小黑板法
D. 诱蚊器收集法
【单选题】
______不属于蝇类成虫监测方法。___
A. 诱蝇笼诱捕法
B. 捕蝇网网捕法
C. 直接目测法
D. 路径指数法
【单选题】
啮齿动物的臼齿常具有_____。___
【单选题】
______是仓鼠科特征。___
A. 背部有背囊
B. 尾部有尾囊
C. 口中两侧有颊囊
D. 腹部腹面有腹囊
【单选题】
_______蜱类假头基通常为矩形。___
A. 花蜱属
B. 璃眼蜱属
C. 扇头蜱属
D. 异扇头蜱属
【单选题】
_________鉴别特征是：体型较大，前胸背板具褐色蝶形大斑，其后缘中央向后延伸不达后缘，且前缘具“T”型黄斑。___
A. 黑胸大蠊
B. 美洲大蠊
C. 德国小蠊
D. 褐斑大蠊
【单选题】
_________鉴别特征是：中胸侧板有垂直的侧板杆，无颊栉和前胸栉，后头鬃2列，前足第5跗节具3根刺形亚端腹鬃，受精囊为“C”型。___
A. 人蚤
B. 二齿新蚤
C. 印鼠客蚤
D. 犬栉首蚤
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【填空题】
213.下列不属于无缝线路特点的为___。
【填空题】
214.温度应力式无缝线路的温度应力是靠___来解决的。
【填空题】
215.曲线轨距加宽递减如无缓和曲线，则在___。
【填空题】
216.当350m＞R≥300m时，轨距加宽___。
【填空题】
217.半径为___及以下的曲线和道岔导曲线，亦可安装轨距杆和轨撑两种加强设备。
【填空题】
218.库内线列车运行速度控制在___以下。
【填空题】
219.轨道上个别插人短轨时，车辆段场线不得小于___。
【填空题】
220.螺旋道钉锚固时的温度宜保持在___以上。
【填空题】
221.无缝线路旧钢轨应切割成不大于___的短轨，以便于运输。
【填空题】
222.50kg/m钢轨轨端至第一螺栓孔中心距离为___。
【填空题】
223.线路施工作业时，须在符合规定的___带领下进行施工。
【填空题】
224.更换夹板在来车前，最低限度上足___个螺栓。
【填空题】
225.为防止受电弓接触导线接触点落于工作面外，起道高度单股不得超过___。
【填空题】
226.为防止电力机车脱弓，在不侵入建筑接近限界的情况下，拨道作业时，线路一侧拨道量年度累计不得大于___。
【填空题】
227.调高垫板应垫在轨底与大胶垫之间，一般情况下，每处调高垫板不得超过___。
【填空题】
228.无缝线路是由许多根标准长度的钢轨焊接成为不小于___的长钢轨连续铺设的轨道线路。
【填空题】
229.温度应力式无缝线路伸缩区长度根据计算确定，一般为___。
【填空题】
230.定期放散温度应力式无缝线路根据当地轨温条件，把钢轨内部的温度应力每年调整放散___次。
【填空题】
231.滚筒放散法是先封锁线路，然后将钢轨扣件全部松开，拆除长轨条端部的接头夹板，在长轨条底部每隔___放置一滚筒。
【填空题】
232.为设置规定的线路标志和信号标志提供空间路肩宽度不得小于___。
【填空题】
233.路基设置中侧沟的深度和底宽均应不小于___。
【填空题】
234.路基设置中沟底纵向坡度应不小于___。
【填空题】
235.平台宽度根据路堑深度和地层性质等因素确定，一般为___。
【填空题】
236.普通排水沟，底宽一般为___，深度为___。
【填空题】
237.城市轨道轨距采用国家标准，直线轨距为1435mm，曲线地段按___半径给予加宽。
【填空题】
238.线路轨向允许偏差应符合《铁路线路维修规则》的规定：直线方向目视顺直、无甩尾。用___弦测量矢度。
【填空题】
239.如有高低，应对直线地段两股钢轨的高低分别进行检查，检查时，先俯身目视不小于___处钢轨下颚线的高低平顺情况。
【填空题】
240.在日常检查时如高低是向上凸起者，应同时使用___厚垫块，将弦的两端垫起。
【填空题】
241.轨道在短距离范围内的轨面不平顺称之为___。
【填空题】
242.一般来说，整体道床路线，正常性的沉降，在局部范围，不可能___以上的偏差。
【填空题】
243.通过垫板作业完全能够得到解决，碎石道床线路，误差在___以上时，可以采取起道作业办法，但要考虑轨面的顺坡率。
【填空题】
244.当起道量超过___时，必须申报供电系统的接触网部门予以配合。
【填空题】
245.线路上实际存在___形式的钢轨水平误差
【填空题】
246.钢轨中心线与___之间的倾斜度称为轨底坡。
【填空题】
247.线路养护维修时，可根据光带___对轨底坡进行调整。
【填空题】
248.复曲线是由___不同半径组成的曲线。
【填空题】
250.缓和曲线的最小长度为20m，主要是从___一节车辆的全轴距而确定的。
【填空题】
251.下列情况的水沟不用采取防止冲刷或渗漏的加固措施的是___。
【填空题】
252.对于不宜采用植物防护的边坡，不可采用___方法防护。
